<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-3364</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-3364</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Mexicana de Mastozoología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-33642024000100077</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12933/therya-24-5780</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Persistence of mule deer pellet groups on Chihuhuan Desert]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esparza-Carlos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guadalajara Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Autlán de Navarro Jalisco]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>89</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000100077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000100077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-33642024000100077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The persistence of fecal or pellet groups is indispensable when using the pellet group counting technique to estimate population densities and relative abundances of deer, as well as other herbivores. This technique is widely employed worldwide, and in México, the majority of deer abundance estimates have been made using this tool. However, for mule deer (Odocoileus hemonious) in México, there is no data on the persistence of pellet groups, and there is only one study on white-tailed deer. The pellet group counting technique has two main methods: a) "Fecal Standing Crop," where the accumulated pellet groups in plots are counted in a single visit, and b) "Fecal Accumulation Rate," which estimates density based on the accumulation of new fecal groups between two sampling periods, initially requiring the removal of all fecal groups from plots and counting again after some time. Both methods require knowing the pellet group disappearance rate during the pellet group accumulation period. This information is fundamental to understanding the ecology and making precise decisions in the management and conservation of mammals, such as mule deer, a species that is declining in some regions of México. Due to the lack of studies on the persistence of pellet group of mule deer in México, the aim of this study was to determine the persistence of mule deer fecal groups and their color changes over time, to establish pellet accumulation periods for estimating population abundances without biases when using this technique in arid habitats. We monitored 102 fecal groups for four years in the Chihuahuan Desert, finding that pellet groups are only lost during the summer rainy season. All pellet groups deposited between October and May were present, and all pellet groups turned white only after the first summer rainy season. The persistence of pellet groups was similar across seasons (fall, winter, spring) and deposition years (2004 to 2006). Some pellet groups persisted for over four years. The data suggest that the only source of degradation of pellet groups is summer rains, and no degradation by biological agents, such as fungi or insects, was observed. In summary, in arid areas, to estimate deer use or density throughout the entire dry season through pellet group counting, it is suggested that only two visits with either of the mentioned techniques are needed. If "Fecal Standing Crop" is used, there is now certainty that all non-white pellets are post the summer rainy season. If the "Fecal Accumulation Rate" technique is used, there is certainty that there will be no loss of pellets groups between the accumulation period of the entire dry season, approximately 7.5 months later. By reducing the number of visits, it allows us to cover more sampling sites, expand the study area, and obtain more precise estimates that will help understand ecological aspects and make management decisions.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La persistencia de excretas o grupos fecales es indispensable al utilizar la técnica de conteo de grupos fecales para estimar densidades poblacionales y abundancias relativas de venados, así como de otros herbívoros. Esta técnica es ampliamente empleada a nivel mundial; y en México la mayoría de estimaciones de abundancias de venados que se han realizado utilizan esta herramienta. Sin embargo, para el venado bura (Odocoileus hemonious), en México no existen datos sobre permanencia de grupos fecales y solo hay un estudio en venado cola blanca. La técnica de conteo de grupos fecales tiene dos métodos principales: a) &#8220;Fecal standing Crop&#8221;, dónde se cuentan los grupos de pellets acumulados en parcelas en una sola visita, y b) &#8220;Fecal Acumulation Rate&#8221;, que estima la densidad a partir de la acumulación de grupos fecales nuevos entre dos periodos de muestreo, requiere inicialmente remover todos los grupos fecales de las parcelas y volver a contar después de un tiempo. Ambos métodos requieren saber tasa de desaparición de grupos fecales durante el periodo de acumulación de pellets. Esta información es fundamental para entender la ecología, tomar decisiones precisas en la gestión y conservación, de mamíferos, como el venado bura, especialmente en regiones de México en las cuales están disminuyendo sus poblaciones. Debido a la falta de estudios sobre la tasa de desaparición de grupos fecales de venado bura, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el tiempo de permanencia de grupos fecales de venado bura y sus cambios de color a través del tiempo, con el fin de establecer periodos de acumulación de pellets, para estimar las abundancias poblacionales sin sesgos cuando se utiliza esta técnica en hábitats áridos. Se monitorearon 102 grupos fecales durante cuatro años en Desierto Chihuahuense y se encontró que sólo se pierden grupos fecales durante la temporada de lluvias de verano. Todos los grupos fecales depositados entre octubre - mayo estaban presentes y todos los grupos fecales se volvían blancos sólo después de la primera temporada de lluvias de verano. La permanencia de grupos fecales fue similar a lo a largo de las estaciones (otoño, invierno, primavera) y los años de deposición (2004 a 2006). Algunos grupos fecales persistieron hasta después de cuatro años. Los datos sugieren que la única fuente de degradación de los grupos fecales es por las lluvias de verano, y no se observó degradación por agentes biológicos, como hongos o insectos. En resumen, en zonas áridas, para estimar el uso o densidad de venado a lo largo de toda la época seca mediante el conteo de grupos fecales, se sugiere que solo se necesitan dos visitas con cualquiera de las técnicas mencionadas. Si se utiliza &#8220;Fecal standing Crop&#8221;, ahora se tiene la certeza que todos los pellets que no son blancos, son posteriores a la época de lluvias de verano. Si se utiliza la técnica &#8220;Fecal Acummulation Rate&#8221;, está la certeza, que no habrá pérdida de pellets entre el periodo de acumulación de toda la época seca, aproximadamente 7.5 meses después. Al reducir el número de visitas, nos permite abarcar más sitios de muestreo, ampliar el área de estudio y tener estimaciones más precisas que servirán para entender aspectos ecológicos y tomar decisiones de manejo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mapimí Biosphere Reserve]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Odocoileus hemionus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pellet group counting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[relative abundance]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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