<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-4115</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista pueblos y fronteras digital]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. pueblos front. digit.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-4115</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias sobre Chiapas y la Frontera Sur]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-41152025000100124</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2025.v20.788</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Fronteras y autogobierno indígena. Formas alternativas de democracia radical en Chiapas y el norte de Siria]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Borders and Indigenous Self-Government. Alternative Forms of Radical Democracy in Chiapas and Northern Syria]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo Quiñones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Colegio de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-41152025000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-41152025000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-41152025000100124&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En el artículo se comparan los factores estructurales que subyacen al surgimiento de dos movimientos subalternos: el zapatismo en el sur de México y el movimiento kurdo en el norte de Siria. El objetivo se centra en identificar cómo la identidad étnica se politiza y bajo qué circunstancias dicha politización deriva en formas alternativas de democracia participativa. El estudio constituye una crítica a la teoría de la democracia radical desde algunas de las premisas del pensamiento descolonial latinoamericano y la visión política de ambos movimientos. Se argumenta que las ubicaciones geográficas de Chiapas y del norte de Siria generaron condiciones históricas de politización de los pueblos mayas y kurdo que allanaron el camino para el posterior surgimiento de ambas rebeliones indígenas. En términos metodológicos, se empleó una revisión histórica comparada en combinación con análisis de encuadre discursivo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The article compares the structural factors underlying the emergence of two subaltern movements: Zapatismo in southern Mexico and the Kurdish movement in northern Syria. The objective is to explore how ethnic identity becomes politicized and under what circumstances such politicisation leads to alternative forms of participatory democracy. The study offers a critique of radical democracy theory based on certain premises of Latin American decolonial thought and the political vision of both movements. It argues that the geographical locations of Chiapas and northern Syria created historical conditions for the politicisation of the Maya and Kurdish peoples, which paved the way for the subsequent emergence of both indigenous rebellions. Methodologically, the paper combines a comparative historical review with discursive framing analysis.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fronteras]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[zapatismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pueblo kurdo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[democracia radical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[identidad étnica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[movimientos políticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[borders]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Zapatismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Kurdish people]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[radical democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ethnic identity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political movements]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agudo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Land Recuperation and Conflict on the Margins of State Formation in Northern Chiapas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Identities]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>574-606</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altu&#287;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Seda]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sectarianism in the Syrian Jazira: Community, Land and Violence in the Memories of World War I and the French Mandate (1915-1939)]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Utrecht University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altu&#287;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Seda]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Turkish-Syrian Border and Politics of Difference in Turkey and Syria (1921-1939)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cimino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mathieu]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Syria: Borders, Boundaries, and the State. Mobility &amp; Politics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>47-75</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cham, Suiza ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ate&#351;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sabri]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bari&#351;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hanifi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democratic Innovations in Mexico and Kurdistan: The Revival of Assemblies and Councils as Traditional Democratic Institutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Kurdish Studies]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>169-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Sociology]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>611-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burç]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-territorial Autonomy and Gender Equality: The Case of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria-Rojava]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy and Society]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>319-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Struggles for Local Democracy in the Andes]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, CO ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[First Forum Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Borderlands, Self-Rule Movements and State-Society Relations in Chiapas and Northern Syria from a Historical Perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Kurdish Studies]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>33-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cedillo-Cedillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis de la fundación del EZLN en Chiapas desde la perspectiva de la acción colectiva insurgente]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[LiminaR. Estudios Sociales y Humanísticos]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>15-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Childs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John Brown]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transcommunality: From the Politics of Conversion to the Ethics of Respect in the Context of Cultural Diversity. Learning from Native American Philosophies with a Focus on the Haudenosaunee]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Justice]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>143-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Janet]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jakeet]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Radical Democracy in Global Perspective: Notes from the Pluriverse]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Third World Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>689-706</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Vos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La frontera sur y sus fronteras: una visión histórica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>77-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dirik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dilar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stateless Citizenship: &#8216;Radical Democracy as Consciousness Raising&#8217; in the Rojava Revolution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Identities]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>27-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Worlds and Knowledges Otherwise: The Latin American Modernity/Coloniality Research Program]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cultural Studies]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2-3</numero>
<issue>2-3</issue>
<page-range>179-210</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Oaxaca: The Path of Radical Democracy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Socialism and Democracy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>74-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prakash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Madhu]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Grassroots Postmodernism: Remaking the Soil of Cultures]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zed Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EZLN</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Tercera Declaración de la Selva Lacandona]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EZLN</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cuarta declaración de la Selva Lacandona]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EZLN</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Chiapas: la treceava estela. Cuarta parte: un plan]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hämäläinen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pekka]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Truett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On Borderlands]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of American History]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>338-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaufman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Asher]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contested Frontiers in the Syria-Lebanon-Israel Region: Cartography, Sovereignty, and Conflict]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knapp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jongerden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joost]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Communal Democracy: The Social Contract and Confederalism in Rojava]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Islamic Studies]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>87-109</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laako]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hanna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decolonizing Vision on Borderlands: The Mexican Southern Borderlands in Critical Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Globalizations]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>173-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laclau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mouffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chantal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hegemony and Socialist Strategy]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lâm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maivân]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[At the Edge of the State: Indigenous Peoples and Self-Determination]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ardsley, Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Transnational Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Intzín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ich&#8217;el ta muk&#8217;: la trama en la construcción del Lekil kuxlejal]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Méndez]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Senti-pensar el género: perspectivas desde los pueblos originarios]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>73-106</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[La Casa del Mago]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8216;Rojava&#8217;: Evolving Public Discourse of Kurdish Identity and Governance in Syria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>385-403</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disarticulate the State! Maximizing Democracy in «New» Autonomous Movements in the Americas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gautney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heather]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahbour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ashley]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Neil]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracy, States and the Struggle for Global Justice]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>251-73</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mignolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Walter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Geopolitics of Knowledge and the Colonial Difference]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[South Atlantic Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>57-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Migdal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[State in Society: Studying how States and Societies Transform and Constitute one Another]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Política kuxlejal: autonomía indígena, el Estado racial e investigación descolonizante en comunidades zapatistas]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bajo Tierra Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mouffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chantal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Which World Order: Cosmopolitan or Multipolar?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethical Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>453-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Inside Syria&#8217;s Northeast: Negotiations, Governance, &amp; Kurdish Unity]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Öcalan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abdullah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratic Confederalism]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Colonia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Initiative Edition]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Öcalan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abdullah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Sociology of Freedom Manifesto of the Democratic Civilization Volume III]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oakland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Initiative Edition.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parajuli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pramod]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisiting Gandhi and Zapata: Motion of global capital, geographies of difference and the formation of ecological ethnicities]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blaser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Feit]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McRae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Glenn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In the Way of Development: Indigenous Peoples, Life Projects, and Globalization]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>235-56</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quijano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anibal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nepantla. Views from South]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>533-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tormey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is «Another World» Possible? Laclau, Mouffe and Social Movements]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Little]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adrian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lloyd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mpya]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Radical Democracy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>133-57</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Edimburgo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edinburgh University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simpson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leanne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lighting the Eighth Fire: The Liberation, Resurgence and Protection of Indigenous Nations]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Winnipeg ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Arbeiter Ring]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Framing Processes, Ideology, and Discursive Fields]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soule]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hans]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Movements]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>380-413</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Black Well]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Master Frames and Cycles of Protest]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aldon]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mueller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carol]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Social Movement Theory]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<page-range>133-55</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Speed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shannon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ejercer los derechos/reconfigurar la resistencia en las Juntas de Buen Gobierno zapatistas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baronnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stahler-Sholk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Luchas «muy otras». Zapatismo y autonomía en las comunidades indígenas de Chiapas]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>135-63</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sunca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan Yasin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decolonial Politics: State, Statelessness, and Coexistence in Peace]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taiaiake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfred]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Peace, Power and Righteousness: An Indigenous Manifesto]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Don Mills ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jordi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Syria&#8217;s Kurds: History, Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jordi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Complex and Dynamic Relationship of Syria&#8217;s Kurds with Syrian Borders: Continuities and Changes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cimino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthieu]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Syria: Borders, Boundaries, and the State. Mobility &amp; Politics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>243-69</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cham, Suiza ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jordi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kurdish Question in Syria: 1946-2019]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozarslan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hamit]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cengiz]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yadirgi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Veli]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Cambridge History of the Kurds]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>436-57</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jordi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Öztan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramazan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regimes of Mobility: Borders and State Formation in the Middle East, 1918-1946]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Edimburgo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edinburgh University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Social Contract of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of the North and East Syria Region (DAANES)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tockman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jason]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decentralisation, Socio-Territoriality and the Exercise of Indigenous Self-Governance in Bolivia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Third World Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>153-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viqueira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Encrucijadas chiapanecas: economía, religión e identidades]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tusquets Editores México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wignaraja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ponna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rethinking Development and Democracy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wignaraja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ponna]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New Social Movements in the South: Empowering the People]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>4-35</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zed Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yashar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Deborah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracy, Indigenous Movements, and Postliberal Challenge in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Politics]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>76-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yousef]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Roots of The Syrian Crisis and The Economic Pillars of The North Syrian Federalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Syrian Democratic Forces. Press Center]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
