<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3542</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física E]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fís. E]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3542</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35422010000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Solución de la ecuación de onda como un problema de valores iniciales usando diferencias finitas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Instituto de Física y Matemáticas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Morelia Michoacán]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>68</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35422010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35422010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35422010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se presenta la solución de la ecuación de onda como ejemplo paradigmático de la solución de problemas de valores iniciales con condiciones de frontera usando la aproximación de diferencias finitas. Primero se desarrolla una solución elemental y una discretización directa a manera de introducción. Posteriormente se resuelve la ecuación de onda como un sistema de primer orden, se estudia la hiperbolicidad del sistema de ecuaciones resultante, se calculan los modos y velocidades características del sistema y se imponen condiciones de frontera en términos de las variables características. Se adopta el método de líneas como esquema de evolución. Además se hace especial énfasis en que los resultados numéricos necesitan un criterio de validez. En el caso de la aproximación con diferencias finitas de una ecuación diferencial parcial se presenta la convergencia a una solución correcta en el límite continuo. Finalmente, se espera que este trabajo sirva de guía para la correcta solución de problemas de valores iniciales con condiciones de frontera en general.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The solution of the wave equation is presented as the paradigm of the solution of initial value problems with boundary conditions using the finite differences approximation. First, it is developed an elementary solution and a direct discretization in order to introduce the method. Second, the wave equation is solved as a system of first order, the hyperbolicity properties of the resulting system of equations is studied, the characteristic variables and characteristic speeds of the system are calculated and boundary conditions are imposed in terms of the characteristic variables. In this case the method of lines is used as the evolution scheme. Special attention is devoted to the fact that numerical calculations require a criterion to be valid. In the case of the approximation using finite differences of a partial differential equation, the convergence to a correct solution in the continuum limit is presented as such criterion. Finally, it is expected that this manuscript serves as a guide to solve correctly other initial value problems with boundary conditions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Métodos de diferencias finitas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[técnicas computacionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ecuación de onda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Finite differences method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[computing techniques]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wave equation]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Ense&ntilde;anza</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Soluci&oacute;n de la ecuaci&oacute;n de onda como un problema de valores iniciales usando diferencias finitas</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>F.S. Guzm&aacute;n</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Instituto de F&iacute;sica y Matem&aacute;ticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol&aacute;s de Hidalgo, Edificio C&#150;3, Cd. Universitaria, 58040 Morelia, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 25 de junio de 2009    <br>   Aceptado el 13 de abril de 2010</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se presenta la soluci&oacute;n de la ecuaci&oacute;n de onda como ejemplo paradigm&aacute;tico de la soluci&oacute;n de problemas de valores iniciales con condiciones de frontera usando la aproximaci&oacute;n de diferencias finitas. Primero se desarrolla una soluci&oacute;n elemental y una discretizaci&oacute;n directa a manera de introducci&oacute;n. Posteriormente se resuelve la ecuaci&oacute;n de onda como un sistema de primer orden, se estudia la hiperbolicidad del sistema de ecuaciones resultante, se calculan los modos y velocidades caracter&iacute;sticas del sistema y se imponen condiciones de frontera en t&eacute;rminos de las variables caracter&iacute;sticas. Se adopta el m&eacute;todo de l&iacute;neas como esquema de evoluci&oacute;n. Adem&aacute;s se hace especial &eacute;nfasis en que los resultados num&eacute;ricos necesitan un criterio de validez. En el caso de la aproximaci&oacute;n con diferencias finitas de una ecuaci&oacute;n diferencial parcial se presenta la convergencia a una soluci&oacute;n correcta en el l&iacute;mite continuo. Finalmente, se espera que este trabajo sirva de gu&iacute;a para la correcta soluci&oacute;n de problemas de valores iniciales con condiciones de frontera en general.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores:</b> M&eacute;todos de diferencias finitas; t&eacute;cnicas computacionales; ecuaci&oacute;n de onda.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The solution of the wave equation is presented as the paradigm of the solution of initial value problems with boundary conditions using the finite differences approximation. First, it is developed an elementary solution and a direct discretization in order to introduce the method. Second, the wave equation is solved as a system of first order, the hyperbolicity properties of the resulting system of equations is studied, the characteristic variables and characteristic speeds of the system are calculated and boundary conditions are imposed in terms of the characteristic variables. In this case the method of lines is used as the evolution scheme. Special attention is devoted to the fact that numerical calculations require a criterion to be valid. In the case of the approximation using finite differences of a partial differential equation, the convergence to a correct solution in the continuum limit is presented as such criterion. Finally, it is expected that this manuscript serves as a guide to solve correctly other initial value problems with boundary conditions.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Finite differences method; computing techniques; wave equation.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 02.60.Bf; 02.70.&#150;c</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmfe/v56n1/v56n1a7.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Agradecimientos</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El autor agradece a Alejandro Cruz Osorio, Fabio D. Lora Clavijo y a Jes&uacute;s M. Rueda Becerril por haber hecho observaciones importantes que mejoraron el texto. Este trabajo recibe apoyo parcial de los proyectos CIC&#150;UMSNH&#150;4.9 y CONACyT 106466.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. <a href="http://www.ifm.umich.mx/guzman/Grupo/grupo.html" target="_blank">http://www.ifm.umich.mx/guzman/Grupo/grupo.html</a></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453352&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. M. Alcubierre, <i>Introduction to 3+1 Numerical Relativity</i>, (Oxford University Press, 2008).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453353&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. R. Becerril, F. S. Guzm&aacute;n, A. Rend&oacute;n&#150;Romero, and S. Valdez&#150;Alvarado, <i>Rev. Mex. Fis. </i><b>E 54 </b>(2008) 120.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453354&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. E. F. Toro, <i>Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics</i>, (Springer 1999).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453355&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. R. Courant, K. Friedrichs and H. Lewy, <i>"On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics"</i>, (IBM Journal, March 1967). pp. 215.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453356&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. J.W. Thomas, <i>Numerical Partial Differential Equations</i>, (Texts in Applied Mathematics. Springer, 1995).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453357&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. G.B. Arfken and H.J. Weber, <i>Mathematical Methods for Physicists</i>. (Academic Press, 2005).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453358&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. B. Gustafsson, H&#150;O. Kreiss, and J. Oliger, <i>Time Dependent Problems and Difference Methods</i>. (Wiley&#150;Interscience, 1996).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453359&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">9. R.J. LeVeque, in <i>Numerical methods for conservation laws</i>. (Birkhauser, Basel 1992).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453360&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">10. W.H. Press, S.A. Teukolsky, W.T. Watterling and B.P. Flannery, <i>Numerical Recipes in Fortran</i>. (Cambridge University Press, 1992).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453361&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">11. A.R. Liddle and D.H. Lyth <i>Cosmological Inflation and Large&#150;Scale Structure, </i>(Cambridge University Press, 2000).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453362&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">12. S. Chandrasekhar, <i>The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes</i>, (Oxford University Press, 1998).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453363&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">13. R. Rajaraman, <i>Solitons and Instantons, </i>(North&#150;Holland Personal Library, Elsevier 1984).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453364&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">14. A. Bernal and F.S. Guzm&aacute;n, <i>Phys. Rev. </i><b>D 74 </b>(2006) 103002.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453365&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">15. M.J. Berger and J. Oliger, <i>J.Comp.Phys. </i><b>53 </b>(1984) 484.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8453366&pid=S1870-3542201000010000700015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcubierre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Introduction to 3+1 Numerical Relativity]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becerril]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón-Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdez-Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Mex. Fis. E]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>120</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Courant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedrichs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics"]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<page-range>215</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[IBM Journal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Numerical Partial Differential Equations]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arfken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mathematical Methods for Physicists]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gustafsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kreiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H-O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Time Dependent Problems and Difference Methods]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WileyInterscience]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LeVeque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Numerical methods for conservation laws]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Basel ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Birkhauser]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Press]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teukolsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watterling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flannery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Numerical Recipes in Fortran]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liddle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lyth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandrasekhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rajaraman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Solitons and Instantons]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[North-Holland Personal LibraryElsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Phys. Rev. D]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>103002</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J.Comp.Phys.]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>484</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
