<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-2333</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Polis]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Polis]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-2333</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UAM, Unidad Iztapalapa, División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Departamento de Sociología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-23332006000100245</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La democracia uniformada: el poder militar en Venezuela]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Democracy in Uniform: The Military Power in Venezuela]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Franco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xavier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Salamanca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>245</fpage>
<lpage>272</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-23332006000100245&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-23332006000100245&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-23332006000100245&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: A partir del estudio de los antecedentes de la historia política de Venezuela, podemos comprender parcialmente las razones del ascenso al poder de la actual dirigencia del Estado, especialmente si estudiamos el creciente protagonismo militar desde finales de los noventa, el cual es propiciado por el actual equipo de gobierno como principal instrumento de gobernabilidad. Esta situación es aprovechada con habilidad política, ya que no es claro para la sociedad venezolana cuál es el papel profesional de las fuerzas armadas que han de desempeñar en el marco del sistema democrático. Dicha instrumentación, si bien es compatible con un nuevo criterio de profesionalismo militar y un cambio del paradigma organizacional de las fuerzas armadas, ésta ha potenciado un manejo personalista por parte del presidente Chávez (control civil personalista). Por lo que se ha propiciado una forma de gobierno, que emplea las fuerzas armadas en labores que trascienden el ámbito militar, en un claro viso de ventaja política, tensando los débiles límites democráticos en Venezuela.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Departing from the study of antecedents of political history of Venezuela, we can partially understand the reasons of ascent to power of present leadership of the State. More especifically, if we study the increasing military protagonism from the latest years of the 1990s decade, which is prompted by the present political leadership such as the main instrument for governance.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[protagonismo militar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cultura política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[control civil personalista]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Military protagonism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political culture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[personalisation of civilian control]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bañón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olmeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La institución militar en el Estado contemporáneo]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Universidad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Torre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Redentores populistas en el neoliberalismo: nuevos y viejos populismos latinoamericanos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Española de Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[AECPA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dieterich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heinz]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hugo Chávez: con Bolívar y el pueblo nace un nuevo proyecto latinoamericano]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial 21]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dieterich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heinz]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La cuarta vía al poder: Venezuela-Ecuador-Colombia. Entrevista realizada por Heinz Dieterich a Hugo Chávez y otros]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial 21]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pall Mall Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez Valdebenito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sociología militar. La profesión militar en la sociedad democrática]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Universitaria]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harries-Jenkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gwyn]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moskos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las fuerzas armadas y la sociedad]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Universidad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huntington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, Mass. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lange]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frédérique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hugo Chávez et le Vénézuela: une action politique au pays de Bolívar]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[L&#8217;harmattan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackinon]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrone]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populismo y neo-populismo en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rebeliones]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira Almao]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fortaleza y debilidades de la actitud democrática en Venezuela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina Hoy]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Salamanca ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Estudios Iberoamericanos y de Portugal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos Rollón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marisa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Venezuela rupturas y continuidades del sistema político (1999-2001)]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Salamanca ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones de la Universidad de Salamanca]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouquié]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alain]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Estado militar en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouquié]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alain]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los militares en la política latinoamericana desde 1930]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bethell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leslie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia de América Latina: economía y sociedad desde 1930]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Crítica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Augusto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La autonomía militar en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Augusto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Percepciones de amenaza y políticas de defensa en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FLACSO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El sistema político venezolano: crisis y transformaciones]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Estudios Políticos/Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas/Universidad Central de Venezuela]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agustín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Habla el comandante Hugo Chávez Frías. Venezuela del 04F06D-98]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cátedra Pío Tamayo-UCV]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonilla-Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haiman El Troudi]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia de la revolución bolivariana]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Comunicación e Información]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hernán]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donís Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Domingo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Militares y civiles en Venezuela. Balance y perspectivas de las relaciones civil-militares venezolanas en la segunda mitad del siglo XX]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Publicaciones Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El apogeo del populismo radical en Venezuela y sus consecuencias]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Venezolana de Economía y Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Central de Venezuela]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hellinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política venezolana en la época de Chávez. Clases, polarización y conflicto]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Testimonios de Douglas Bravo, William Izarra, Francisco Prada, guerrilla y conspiración militar en Venezuela]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo Editorial Nacional José Agustín Catalá]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La historia secreta de la revolución bolivariana]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mérida ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Venezolana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Documentos de la revolución bolivariana]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La línea roja de Chávez (notas)]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La guerra asimétrica de Chávez]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alfadil Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grüber Odremán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hernán]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Antecedentes históricos de la insurrección militar del 27-N-1992. Por el honor de las armas]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Impresores Macabú]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Domingo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Relaciones civil-militares en el siglo XX]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Centauro Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Domingo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Militares y sociedad en Venezuela]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Publicaciones Universidad Católica Andrés Bello]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Domingo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Largue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frédérique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Militares y poder en Venezuela]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Católica Andrés Bello]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Izarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[En busca de la revolución]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Producciones Karol]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machillanda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poder político y poder militar en Venezuela 1958-1986]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Centauro Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Müller Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Relaciones peligrosas militares, política y Estado]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tropykos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Müller Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Época de revolución en Venezuela]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Solar Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otaiza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eliécer]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Retórica bolivariana. Primer ensayo. La defensa]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta Negrín Central]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rangel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Domingo Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Un socialismo para el siglo XXI]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editores Mérida]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Seguridad y defensa en Venezuela]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Equinoccio]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina: militares, integración y democracia]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Altos Estudios de América Latina/Universidad Simón Bolívar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sucre H.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La amenaza social y el autoritarismo en Venezuela]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Estudios Políticos/Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas/Universidad Central de Venezuela]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sucre H.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La política militar en la constitución de 1999. ¿Cambio o continuidad?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salamanca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viciano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pastor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El sistema político venezolano en la constitución bolivariana de Venezuela]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Centro de Estudios Políticos y Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Augusto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La autonomía militar en América Latina]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Friederich]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Venezuela en transición: elecciones y democracia]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CDB Publicaciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bigler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Professional Soldier and Restrain Politics in Venezuela]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wesson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New Military Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Preager]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coppedge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Patriarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Civil-Military Relations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review. Political Science]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>2</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Deborah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Rise of the Lieutenant Colonels: Rebellion in Argentina and Venezuela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Perspective. Venezuela]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>74-86</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Periodicals Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Deborah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Organizational Dynamics of Militaries and Military Movements. Path to Power in Venezuela]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pion-Berlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Civil-military Relation in Latin America. New Analytical Perspective]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pion-Berlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Civil-Military Relation in Latin America. New Analytical Perspective]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trinkunas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harold]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crafting Civilian Control in Argentina and Venezuela]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pion-Berlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Civil-Military Relation in Latin America. New Analytical Perspective]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
