<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-5346</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de economía y finanzas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. econ. finanz]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-5346</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-53462020000500473</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21919/remef.v15i0.542</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fear of failure: What drives it in Latin America?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Miedo al fracaso: ¿Qué lo impulsa en América Latina?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mongrut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nidia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey EGADE Business School ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Pacífico  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lima ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>spe</numero>
<fpage>473</fpage>
<lpage>501</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-53462020000500473&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-53462020000500473&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-53462020000500473&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Objective: We identify and quantify the impact of several factors that may affect the individuals&#8217; affective arousal towards fear of failure given the external situation they may face in five Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. Originality: We propose a model of fear of failure experience and test a reduce version of it. In doing this we identify differences in the factors between countries due to their different contexts. Methodology: We use an unbalanced logit-panel model for Latin America during years 2010-2015 and we also run a robustness check using a logistic cross-sectional model. Results: We find that being female and single mother increases the individuals&#8217; fear of failure, while age and higher education reduces it. The individuals&#8217; self-perception reduces their fear of failure in almost 19%, which implies that a positive self-perception will help them to overcome their affective arousal towards fear of failure. We also find that individuals&#8217; contact network may mitigate and past negative business experience may magnify the affective arousal towards fear of failure, but these effects change among countries. Recommendations: In order to foster individuals&#8217; positive response towards fear of failure, business incubators need to work on the personal traits of them, especially excessive overconfidence. Furthermore, regional governments need to take measures to promote higher female participation and entrepreneurial education for all. Limitation: We are subject to the limitation of the GEM database in the data collection Conclusion: Individuals&#8217; experience towards fear of failure is a process that is being affected by his gender, age, education, and self-perception. Furthermore, it is a dynamic process that is mitigated or magnified with the entrepreneurs&#8217; network and past negative business experience.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Objetivo: Identificamos y cuantificamos el impacto de varios factores que afectan la respuesta emocional de los individuos frente al miedo al fracaso dada la situación externa que enfrentan en cinco países latinoamericanos: Brasil, Colombia, Chile, México y Perú. Originalidad: Proponemos un modelo de la experiencia del miedo al fracaso y verificamos una versión reducida del mismo. Asimismo, identificamos las diferencias en los factores entre los diferentes países considerados. Metodología: Utilizamos un modelo logístico de datos de panel no balanceado para Latinoamérica durante los años 2010-2015 y verificamos la robustez de los resultados con un modelo logístico de corte transversal. Resultados: Encontramos que ser mujer y madre soltera aumenta el miedo al fracaso de las personas, mientras que la edad y la educación superior lo reducen. La autopercepción de los individuos reduce su miedo al fracaso en casi un 19%, lo que implica que una autopercepción positiva los ayudará a superar su respuesta emocional frente al miedo al fracaso. También descubrimos que la red de contactos empresariales de las personas puede mitigar y la experiencia empresarial negativa pasada puede aumentar el miedo al fracaso, pero estos efectos cambian entre los países. Recomendaciones: Para fomentar la respuesta positiva de los empresarios ante el miedo al fracaso, las incubadoras de empresas deben trabajar en sus rasgos personales, especialmente el exceso de confianza. Además, los gobiernos regionales deben tomar medidas para promover una mayor participación femenina y educación empresarial para todos. Limitación: Estamos sujetos a la limitación de la base de datos del GEM en la recopilación de datos. Conclusión: La experiencia de las personas hacia el miedo al fracaso es un proceso que se ve afectado por su género, edad, educación y autopercepción. Además, es un proceso dinámico que se mitiga o amplifica con la red de emprendedores y la experiencia empresarial negativa anterior.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Entrepreneurship]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[behavioral entrepreneurship]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fear of failure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Emprendimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[emprendimiento conductual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[miedo al fracaso]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>97-107</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Audretsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Small firms and entrepreneurship: an East-West perspective]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>260</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arenius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minniti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Small business Economics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>233-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Mar Fuentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[nálisis del emprendedor potencial: Integración de factores socio-demográficos, cognitivos y relacionales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gestión Joven]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>37-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Artistico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cervone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pezzuti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perceived self-efficacy and everyday problem solving among young and older adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychology and Aging]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>68-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feather]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A theory of achievement motivation]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<page-range>392</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, NY ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Litwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McClelland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human Motivation: A Book of Readings]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<page-range>145-63</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Morristown, NJ ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[General Learning Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beynon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pickernell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Entrepreneurial climate and self-perceptions about entrepreneurship: a country comparison using fsQCA with dual outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Research]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<page-range>418-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boudreaux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nikolaev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Socio-cognitive traits and entrepreneurship: The moderating role of economic institutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>178-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cacciotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitchell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giazitzoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A reconceptualization of fear of failure in entrepreneurship]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>302-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diánez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The influence of gender on entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of perceptual factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BRQ Business Research Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>261-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessing technology incubator programs in the science park: the good, the bad and the ugly]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technovation]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>1215-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunkelberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Entrepreneurship and the initial size of firms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>317-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metzler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multidimensional fear of failure measurement: The performance failure appraisal inventory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of applied sport psychology]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>76-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Csikszentmihalyi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Flow: The psychology of optimal experience]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>322</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Perennial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davidsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Honig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>301-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ekore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okekeocha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fear of entrepreneurship among university graduates: a psychological analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Management]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>515</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Campillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis de los factores determinantes de la creación de empresas: una evidencia empírica en Castilla y León]]></article-title>
<collab>Asociación Española de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Decisiones basadas en el conocimiento y en el papel social de la empresa]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>615-27</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Palma de Mallorca ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Española de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa (AEDEM)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harwit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-technology incubators: Fuel for China&#8217;s new entrepreneurship?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[China Business Review]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>26-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antoncic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Network-based research in entrepreneurship: a critical review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>165-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kollmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stöckmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kensbock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fear of failure as a mediator of the relationship between obstacles and nascent entrepreneurial activity: an experimental approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>280-301</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lazarus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Emotion and Adaptation]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>557</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emprendimiento de negocios propios en Peru: el rol de factores socio-demográficos personales a nivel de departamentos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Gerenciales]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>19-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ch.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Research on the effects of entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on college students&#8217; entrepreneurial intention]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Psychology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llussá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Determinants of Entrepreneurship: Are Women Different?]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayorga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvajal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Entrepreneurship and gender: A comparative perspective of Latin America and Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Espacios]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>15-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McClelland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The achievement motive]]></source>
<year>1953</year>
<page-range>410</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[East Norwalk, CT ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Appleton-Century-Crofts]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessing and managing the university technology business incubator: An integrative framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>251-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minniti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El emprendimiento y el crecimiento económico de las naciones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía industrial]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>383</volume>
<page-range>23-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitchell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Oral history and expert scripts: demystifying the entrepreneurial experience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Management History]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>50-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitchell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shepherd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Afraid of opportunity: the effects of fear of failure on entrepreneurial action]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mongrut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Valuation of start-ups: A behavioral and strategic perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>419-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Gualdrón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The new venture decision: An analysis based on the GEM project database]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>479-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sisak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aspiring to succeed: A model of entrepreneurship and fear of failure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>1-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuratko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schindehutte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spivack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Framing the entrepreneurial experience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>11-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of risk-taking in Singapore]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>157-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samaniego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factores que influyen sobre la conducta de una persona frente al riesgo de emprender un negocio en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>57-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Cañizares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuentes García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender differences in entrepreneurial attitudes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>766-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sepúlveda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The factors affecting the risk attitude in entrepreneurship: evidence from Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Economic Letters]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>573-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Nascent Entrepreneurship. Academia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Administración]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>55-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schlaegel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koenig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: a meta-analytic test and integration of competing models]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>291-332</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shinnar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giacomin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Janssen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: The role of gender and culture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Entrepreneurship Theory and practice]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>465-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Failure Institute</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Fuckup Book]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What a difference a Y makes-female and male nascent entrepreneurs in Germany]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Small Business Economics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>1-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sternberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Start-up activities, individual characteristics, and the regional milieu: Lessons for entrepreneurship support policies from German micro data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The annals of regional science]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>219-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wennberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pathak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Autio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How culture moulds the effects of self-efficacy and fear of failure on entrepreneurship]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Entrepreneurship &amp; Regional Development]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>756-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bandura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social cognitive theory of organizational management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Academy of Management Review]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>361-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKelvie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haynie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Making it personal: Opportunity individuation and the shaping of opportunity beliefs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Venturing]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>252-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>GEDI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Registro Civil do Brasil</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Servicio de Registro Civil e Identificación de Chile</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
