Comparison of advanced techniques for the treatment of an indigo model solution: Electro incineration, chemical coagulation and enzymatic

Comparación de ténicas avanzadas para el tratamiento de una solución modelo de índigo: Electro incineración, coagulación, química y enzimático

M. Solís–Oba¹*, M. Eloy–Juárez¹, M. Teutli², J. L. Nava³ e I. González⁴

¹ Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac–Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700. * Corresponding author. E–mail: myrobatlx@yahoo.com.mx Phone and Fax: 01 248 48 70 762

² Facultad de Ingeniería, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio entre 18 y 22 Sur, Col. Ciudad Universitaria. C.P. 72560, Puebla, México.

⁴ Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Rafael Atlixco # 186. Col. La Vicentina. C.P. 09340, México, D.F., México.

Received 11 of March 2009
Accepted 28 of September 2009

Abstract

Indigo blue is one of the most important textile dyes. The wastewaters for indigo blue used are thought to be contaminated because; indigo can be oxidized to isatin, which is hydrolyzed to antranilic acid, a compound that is toxic to aquatic life. Indigo oxidation was evaluated using a model solution that simulated a textile wastewater. Three oxidation systems: electro incineration, chemical coagulation using Al₂ (SO₄)₃, and enzymatic degradation with laccase. With electro incineration, the indigo solution was completely discolored; chemical oxidation demand diminution was 98% in approximately 3 hours and indigo blue was mineralized with no sludge production. Chemical coagulation with 40 mg L^–1 sulfate aluminum removed some color though control of pH was necessary. At pH 5, the chemical oxygen demand was reduced by 76%, with sludge formation. Laccase enzyme, processing required 72 hours for complete discoloration of the indigo model solution; chemical oxidation demand diminution was nearby 50%, but laccase could not mineralize the dye. Toxicity assays indicated that the processes generated more toxic products than the control.

Keywords: electro incineration, indigo, oxidation, chemical coagulation, laccase, toxicity.

El azul índigo es de los colorantes textiles más utilizados, las descargas que lo contienen son contaminantes porque, según algunos reportes, el índigo se oxida a isatin, compuesto fácilmente hidrolizable a ácido antranílico, sustancia tóxica para la vida acuática. Se evaluó la oxidación del índigo usando una solución modelo similar a las descargas textiles. La comparación se hizo con tres sistemas: electroincineración, coagulación y enzimático con lacasa. Con la electroincineración el índigo fue completamente decolorado y la demanda química de oxígeno disminuyó 98% en aproximadamente 3 horas, el índigo se mineralizó sin formación de lodos. La coagulación química, usando 40 mg L^–1 de sulfato de aluminio, removió parte del color; sin control de pH la reducción de la demanda química de oxígeno fue despreciable, mientras que controlando el pH a 5 durante la prueba de jarras, la demanda química de oxígeno disminuyó 76%; hubo formación de lodos. Con la enzima lacasa, la decoloración fue en 72 h, la demanda química de oxigeno disminuyó en 50%, la lacasa no mineralizó el colorante. La prueba de toxicidad mostró que los tres procesos formaron productos más tóxicos que el índigo.

Palabras clave: electroincineración, índigo, oxidación, coagulación química, lacasa, toxicidad.

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Acknowledgements

This work was made possible through a grant from CONACYT (Ciencia Básica–2008–85011). Manuel E. Juárez had a fellowship from CONACyT, authors thank Timothy D. Landry (Peace Corps/SEMARNAT) for his technical help.

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