Efecto de la edad de la planta y presencia de SS–edds en la tolerancia y absorción de Cr(III) por Helianthus annuus
Effect of the plant stage and presence of a chelating agent on the tolerance and absorption of Cr(III) by Helianthus annuus
G. de la Rosa1*, G. Cruz–Jiménez1, I. Cano–Rodriguez1, R. Fuentes–Ramírez1 y J. L. Gardea–Torresdey2
1 Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. N. Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México. * Autor para la correspondencia. E–mail: delarosa@quijote.ugto.mx
2 Chemistry Department and Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX. 79968, USA.
]]>Recibido 15 de Julio 2008
Aceptado 24 de Octubre 2008
Resumen
Se realizaron experimentos en hidroponia para determinar el efecto de Cr(III) en la germinación de girasol (H. annuus, variedad enana) y la tolerancia y absorción de este metal en presencia y ausencia del quelante SS–etilendiamino disuccinato de sodio (SS–EDDS). Se determinó que 40 mg Cr(III) L–1 no afectan significativamente la germinación. Adicionalmente se observó que a menor edad de las plántulas, éstas presentaron mayor tolerancia al Cr(III). Más aún, si las semillas se germinan directamente en las soluciones que contienen Cr(III), el girasol tolera mejor la exposición al metal. Posteriormente, con el objeto de determinar la capacidad de absorción del metal, crecimiento de la planta y producción de clorofila, se germinaron y crecieron las plántulas en: (a) solución nutritiva sin Cr(III) (Control I); (b) solución nutritiva sin Cr(III) + 0.8 mM EDDS (Control II); (c) solución nutritiva con 40 mg L–1 Cr(III); (d) solución nutritiva con 40 mg L–1 Cr(III) + 0.8 mM EDDS. Las plántulas se cosecharon cada tres días y por quince días a partir de la germinación con el fin de determinar la absorción de Cr(III) con respecto al tiempo. Se encontró que después de 15 días las raíces acumularon 7,400 y 710 mg Cr kg–1, mientras que en el tallo, la acumulación fue de 200 y 32 mg Cr kg–1 (peso seco), para los tratamientos con Cr(III) y Cr(III)–SS–EDDS, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, la presencia del SS–EDDS reduce la absorción y traslocación de Cr(III). Los datos indican que si se pretende utilizar H. annuus var. enana para la fitorremediación de Cr(III), es adecuado sembrar directamente en el medio contaminado y además no se requiere la presencia del SS–EDDS. Estas características son importantes ya que se pueden reducir los costos asociados a la fitorremediación de sitios contaminados con Cr(III) utilizando esta especie vegetal.
Palabras clave: fitorremediación, Cr(III), EDDS, edad de la planta, traslocación.
Abstract
Experiments were performed in hydroponics to determine the effect of Cr(III) on H. annuus germination, tolerance, and absorption in the presence and absence of the chelating agent SS–ethylene diamine tetraacetate (SS–EDDS). The presence of 40 mg kg–1 Cr(III) had no significant effect on seed germination. In addition, seeds and seedlings at different growth stages were treated with 40 mg kg–1 Cr(III) to determine the effect of plant age on the tolerance to these treatments. It was found that the younger the plant, the higher the resistance to Cr(III). Consequently, H. annuus seeds were sown on (a) nutrient solution without Cr(III) (Control I); (b) nutrient solution without Cr(III) + 0.8 mM EDDS (Control II); (c) nutrient solution with 40 mg L–1 Cr(III); (d) nutrient solution with 40 mg L–1 Cr(III) + 0.8 mM EDDS. It was found that, after 15 days following germination, roots were able to accumulate 7,400 y 710 mg Cr kg–1, whereas shoots accumulated 200 y 32 mg Cr kg–1 (dry weigth), for Cr y Cr– SS–EDDS treatments, respectively. Therefore, the presence of SS–EDDS reduced Cr(III) absorption and traslocation. These results indicated that H. annuus does not need the presence of SS–EDDS to absorb significant amounts of Cr(III); this might reduced the costs associated to the phytoremediation of Cr(III) contaminated media using this plant species.
]]> Keywords: phytoremediation, Cr(III), EEDS, plant age, traslocation.
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Agradecimientos
Agradecemos el apoyo del Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Guanajuato (06–16–K117–30), CONACYT (CB–61649) y de la Universidad de Guanajuato (UG 0114/06). Jorge Gardea–Torresdey agradece a los programas LEER y STARS del sistema de la Universidad de Texas, a la National Science Foundation por los apoyos 0723115 y 0521650 ya la familia Dudley por la Endowed Research Professorship in Chemistry.
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