<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-1324</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Signos filosóficos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Sig. Fil]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-1324</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-13242017000200062</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Descubrimiento, innovación y objetividad: Schopenhauer y su repercusión en la epistemología]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Discovery, innovation and objectivity: Schopenhauer and his impact on the epistemology]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serna Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Filosofía y Letras ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>38</numero>
<fpage>62</fpage>
<lpage>89</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-13242017000200062&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-13242017000200062&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-13242017000200062&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La influencia de Schopenhauer en la filosofía de la ciencia del siglo XX ha sido poco estudiada. En este artículo defiendo que la teoría del conocimiento de Schopenhauer impulsó históricamente la idea de que al menos un objetivo de la investigación científica estriba en la exploración tenaz y creativa del potencial heurístico de un sistema teórico (Popper), de una matriz disciplinar (Kuhn) o de un programa de investigación científica (Lakatos). Sostengo que en ella también se origina una ambigüedad en el significado de los conceptos de descubrimiento objetivo e innovación epistémica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Little research has been done on Schopenhauer&#8217;s influence on twentieth-century philosophy of science. This article defends the thesis that Schopenhauer&#8217;s epistemology historically promoted the idea that at least one of the objectives of epistemic research is the tenacious and creative exploration of heuristic potential of a theoretical system (Popper), a disciplinary matrix (Kuhn) and a scientific research program (Lakatos). I further state that his theory of science leads to ambiguity about the meaning of concepts such as objective discovery and epistemic innovation.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[innovación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[descubrimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[objetividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambio epistémico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ciencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[discovery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[objectivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epistemic change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[science]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El problema de la fundamentación última filosófica a la luz de una pragmática trascendental del lenguaje]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Apel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl Otto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diánoia]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<volume>XXI</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>140-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La certeza, ¿un mito? Naturalismo, escepticismo y falibilismo]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozickovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vojislav]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Schopenhauer on scientific knowledge]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vandenabeele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Companion to Schopenhauer]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>11-24</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva Jersey ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harold]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La nueva filosofía de la ciencia]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tecnos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cartwright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historical Dictionary of Schopenhauer&#8217;s Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Scarecrow Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert Cecil]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Geoffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Companion to the History of Modern Science]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Propositions, warranted assertibility, and truth]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dewey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Philosophy]]></source>
<year>1941</year>
<volume>XXXVIII</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>169-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duhem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pierre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Atheneum]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Immanuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Prolegómenos a toda metafísica que haya de poder presentarse como ciencia]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Istmo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Immanuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crítica de la razón pura]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alfaguara]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rationality and theory choice]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Philosophy]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>563-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Objectivity, value judgment and theory choice]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Essential Tension. Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<page-range>320-39</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chicago University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The essential tension: Tradition and innovation in scientific research]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Essential Tension. Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<page-range>225-39</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chicago University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Second thoughts on paradigms]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Essential Tension. Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<page-range>293-319</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chicago University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Preface]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Essential Tension. Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<page-range>IX-XXIII</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chicago University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chicago University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lakatos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Imre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophical Papers]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>8-101</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The problem of appraising scientific theories: three approaches]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lakatos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Imre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophical Papers]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>107-20</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laudan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why was the logic of discovery abandoned?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nickles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Scientific Discovery, Logic and Rationality]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<page-range>173-83</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dordrecht ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reidel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López de Santa María]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pilar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El kantismo de Schopenhauer, ¿herencia o lastre?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oncina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Faustino]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Schopenhauer en la historia de las ideas]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>85-104</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Plaza y Valdés]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDermid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Douglas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Schopenhauer y el problema del conocimiento]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La certeza, ¿un mito? Naturalismo, Falibilismo y Escepticismo]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>113-43</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sociology in the framework of physicalism]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neurath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Otto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophical Papers 1913-1946]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<page-range>58-90</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dordrecht ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reidel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The lost wanderers of Descartes and the auxiliary motive]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neurath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Otto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophical Papers 1913-1946]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<page-range>1-12</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dordrecht ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reidel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nickles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discovery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert Cecil]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Geoffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Companion to the History of Modern Science]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>148-65</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nickles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Scientific Discovery, Logic and Rationality]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dordrecht ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reidel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oncina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Faustino]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Schopenhauer en la historia de las ideas]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Plaza y Valdés]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Ransanz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Rosa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El &#8216;empirismo crítico&#8217; de Karl Popper]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivadulla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hipótesis y verdad en ciencia. Ensayos sobre la filosofía de Karl R. Popper]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>293-308</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Complutense de Madrid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unended quest, an intellectual autobiography]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schilpp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Philosophy of Karl Popper]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<page-range>8-181</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Open Court Publishing Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Replies to my critics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schilpp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The philosophy of Karl Popper]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<page-range>961-1197</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Open Court Publishing Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the status of science and metaphysics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conjectures and Refutations]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<page-range>249-71</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Truth, rationality and the growth of scientific knowledge]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conjectures and Refutations]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<page-range>291-340</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is dialectic?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conjectures and Refutations]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<page-range>419-51</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Science: Conjectures and refutations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conjectures and Refutations]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<page-range>43-77</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the sources of knowledge and ignorance]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conjectures and Refutations]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<page-range>3-42</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Logic of Scientific Discovery]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Science Editions]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Willard Van Orman]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In Pursuit of Truth]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reichenbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hans]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Rise of Scientific Philosophy]]></source>
<year>1951</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reichenbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hans]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Experience and Prediction]]></source>
<year>1938</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chicago University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivadulla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hipótesis y verdad en ciencia. Ensayos sobre la filosofía de Karl R. Popper]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Complutense de Madrid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schilpp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Philosophy of Karl Popper]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Open Court]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schopenhauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sobre la visión y los colores]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Trotta]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schopenhauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cartas desde la obstinación]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Los libros de Homero]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schopenhauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El mundo como voluntad y representación]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>I</numero>
<issue>I</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schopenhauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El mundo como voluntad y representación]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>II</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schopenhauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manuscritos berlineses. Sentencias y aforismos (antología)]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Valencia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pre-Textos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schopenhauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[De la cuádruple raíz del principio de razón suficiente]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gredos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿&#8216;Empirismo encubierto&#8217; en Popper? El papel epistemológico de la dimensión pragmática del contexto de descubrimiento]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serna Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diánoia]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>LVIII</volume>
<numero>71</numero>
<issue>71</issue>
<page-range>127-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stepanenko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Schopenhauer y la &#8216;necia disputa&#8217; sobre el mundo externo. Comentario al artículo &#8216;Schopenhauer y el problema del conocimiento&#8217; de Douglas McDermid]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uebel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Overcoming Logical Positivism from Within. The Emergence of Neurath&#8217;s Naturalism in the Vienna Circle&#8217;s Protocol Sentence Debate]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ámsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Rodopi]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vandenabeele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Companion to Schopenhauer]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
