<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-1146</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-1146</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-11462015000500333</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bmhimx.2015.08.001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Perinatal factors and type 1 diabetes-associated dysbiosis in Mexican infants]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Factores perinatales y disbiosis asociada con diabetes tipo 1 en niños mexicanos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Esther]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderón de la Barca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo Departamento de Nutrición y Metabolismo ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Hermosillo Sonora]]></addr-line>
<country>MX</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>333</fpage>
<lpage>338</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-11462015000500333&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-11462015000500333&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-11462015000500333&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[AbstractBackground: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is currently an autoimmune disease occurring more frequently and early in life. T1D development requires genetic predisposition and environmental factors, which influence the gut microbiota in early infancy and could increase the risk for T1D-associated autoimmunity. In Mexico there are no published microbiota studies in children &lt;6 years old with T1D.Case reports:We report two contrasting Mexican T1D cases of children &lt;6 years of age and a third case of a healthy child prior to autoimmunity and T1D onset. Perinatal factors, feeding regimes in the first year of life and gut microbiota composition are discussed and related to the T1D onset. The three cases show a particular microbiota profile with decreased bacterial diversity as compared with healthy children, which could be related to environmental factors prior to the development of T1D and disease control.Conclusions:T1D infant cases presented a decreased bacterial diversity, which appeared before autoimmunity and T1D onset. Glycemic control could tend to correct the gut dysbiosis in T1D children. Prospective studies are needed to follow-up healthy children at high genetic risk to assess factors related to the microbiota structure.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ResumenIntroducción: La diabetes tipo 1 (DT1) es una enfermedad autoinmune que cada vez es más frecuente y se presenta a edades más tempranas. Su desarrollo requiere de predisposición genética y factores ambientales que influyen sobre la microbiota intestinal en la infancia temprana que pudieran aumentar el riesgo de autoinmunidad asociada con DT1. En México no existen publicaciones de estudios de microbiota en niños menores de 6 años con DT1.Casos clínicos: Se reportan dos casos de DT1 contrastantes de niños mexicanos menores de 6 años de edad y un tercer caso de un niño sano, previo al desarrollo de autoinmunidad y DT1. Se discuten los factores perinatales, los regímenes de alimentación en el primer año de vida y la microbiota intestinal en relación con el desarrollo de DT1. Los tres casos presentaron una microbiota particular con disminución de la diversidad bacteriana en comparación con los niños sanos, lo cual pudiera estar relacionado con factores ambientales previos al desarrollo de la enfermedad y con el control de la DT1.Conclusiones: Los niños con DT1 presentaron una diversidad bacteriana disminuida que aparece antes de la autoinmunidad y DT1. El control glucémico podría corregir la disbiosis intestinal en DT1. Faltan estudios prospectivos que den seguimiento a niños sanos con alto riesgo genético y evalúen factores relacionados con la estructura de la microbiota.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Type 1 diabetes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Perinatal factors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Breastfeeding]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gut microbiota]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Case reports]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Diabetes tipo 1]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factores perinatales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Lactancia materna]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Microbiota intestinal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Reporte de casos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirkman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laffel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.M.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>2034-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A model for the role of gut bacteria in the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis-Richardson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Triplett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetologia]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>1386-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early childhood gut microbiomes show strong geographic differences among subjects at high risk for type 1 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kemppainen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ardissone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis-Richardson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fagen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leon-Novelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>329-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in development and in progression toward type 1 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kostic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gevers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siljander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vatanen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hyötyläinen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hämäläinen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Host Microbe]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>260-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fecal microbiota imbalance in Mexican children with type 1 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrosino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ajami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Bello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderón de la Barca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Rep.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>3814</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caporaso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuczynski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stombaugh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bittinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bushman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Methods]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>335-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Bello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidalgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fierer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<page-range>11971-5</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[USA ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infant feeding and timing of complementary foods in the development of type 1 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Virtanen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Diab Rep.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>628</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of breast and formula feeding on gut microbiota shaping in newborns]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guaraldi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvatori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Front Cell Infect Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gut microbial markers are associated with diabetes onset, regulatory imbalance, and IFN-(level in NOD mice]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krych]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[&#321;.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gut Microbes]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>101-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type diabetes in young children]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Goffau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Honkanen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetologia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>1569-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
