<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-7743</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ing. invest. y tecnol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-7743</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ingeniería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-77432017000100111</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Study of the Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Atmosphere of the Guanajuato City: Use of Saxicolous Lichen Species as Bioindicators]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estudio de la distribución de metales pesados en la atmosfera de la ciudad de Guanajuato: uso de especies de líquenes saxícolas como bioindicadores]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puy-Alquiza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda-Aviles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriela Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ma. Mercedes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ordaz-Zubia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Velia Yolanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Minas, Metalurgia y Geología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guanajuato ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Minas, Metalurgia y Geología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guanajuato ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato División de Ciencias de la Vida (DICIVA) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Irapuato ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Minas, Metalurgia y Geología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guanajuato ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Arquitectura División de Arquitectura, arte y diseño]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>111</fpage>
<lpage>126</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-77432017000100111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-77432017000100111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-77432017000100111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The atmospheric deposition of some heavy metals was investigated using saxicolous lichen species (Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale, Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. &amp; Taylor) Hale, Caloplaca aff. brouardii (B.deLesd.) Zahlbr, Caloplaca aff. ludificans Arup, and Aspicilia sp), samples were collected from three zones (rural, suburban and urban) along the Guanajuato city, during the months of October-November 2012, April, July, and October 2013 and January 2014. Lichen samples were analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry technique. The concentrations of heavy metals in lichen samples from the Xanthoparmelia species ranged from (96.21 &#956;g g -1) for lead (Pb), (95.10 &#956;g g&#8722;1) for zinc (Zn), (58.40 &#956;g g&#8722;1 )for vanadium (V), (105.15 &#956;g g&#8722;1) for Chrome (Cr), and (48.93 &#956;g g&#8722;1) for Niquel (Ni). Caloplaca species (92.42, &#956;g g&#8722;1) for lead (Pb), (172.97 &#956;g g&#8722;1 ) for Zinc (Zn), (53.51 &#956;g g&#8722;1 ) for vanadium (V), (91.23 &#956;g g&#8722;1 ) for copper (Cu), respectively, and Aspicilia sp (612.91&#956;g g&#8722;1) for lead (Pb), (72.24 &#956;g g&#8722;1 ) for zinc (Zn), (56.25 &#956;g g&#8722;1) for vanadium (V), (18.24 &#956;g g&#8722;1) for copper (Cu). The statistical significance of between Co-V, Ni-Cr, Ni-Co, Sn-Zn, Co-Cr, Zn-Th, Sn-Th and Co-Zn concentrations confirmed anthropogenic sources mainly due to emissions from vehicular traffic, fossil fuel combustion correlations, solid waste disposal and other local anthropogenic activities. Pollution indices were additionally calculated by heavy metals concentrations in order to use lichens in Guanajuato city as bioindicators of air pollution. The concentration of these metals was observed to be in higher range as maximum values of Pb, Zn, V, and Cu reported from the lichen samples for the suburban and urban zones in Guanajuato city. The accumulations of Ni and Cr from both zones are similar in concentration. The contamination factors or the pollution index factor and the pollution load index criteria revealed high levels of Be, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, and Th in Caloplaca species and Aspicilia sp., while Xanthoparmelia species show higher values only in Be, Sb and Pb. The results revealed that the most sensitive lichens were Aspicilia sp., with the highest levels of Pb. The results obtained reveal important contributions towards understanding of heavy metal deposition patterns and provide baseline data that can be used for potential identification of areas at risk from atmospheric heavy metals contamination in the region. The use of saxicolous lichens provide a cost-effective approach for monitoring regional atmospheric heavy metal contamination and may be effectively used in large scale air pollution monitoring programmer.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este estudio se analizaron la concentraciones de algunos metales pesados encontrados en la atmosfera de la ciudad de Guanajuato, empleando para ello, especies de líquenes saxícolas (Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale, Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. &amp; Taylor) Hale, Caloplaca aff. brouardii (B.deLesd.) Zahlbr, Caloplaca aff. ludificans Arup, and Aspicilia sp) recolectados en tres zonas (rural, suburbana y urbana) a lo largo de los meses octubre-noviembre de 2012, abril, julio y octubre de 2013, así como enero de 2014. Las muestras de líquenes se analizaron usando la técnica de espectrometría de masas de plasma acoplado inductivamente. La concentración de metales pesados en las muestras de los líquenes de la especie de Xanthoparmelia van de (96.21 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para plomo (Pb), (95.10 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para zinc (Zn), (58.40 &#956;g g&#8722;1 ) para vanadio (V), (105.15 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para Cromo (Cr) y (48.93 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para Niquel (Ni). Caloplaca especie (92.42, &#956;g g&#8722;1) para plomo (Pb), (172.97 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para Zinc (Zn), (53.51 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para vanadio (V), (91.23 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para cobre (Cu), respectivamente, y Aspicilia sp (612.91&#956;g g&#8722;1) para plomo (Pb), (72.24 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para zinc (Zn), (56.25 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para vanadio (V), (18.24 &#956;g g&#8722;1) para cobre (Cu). La estadística entre las concentraciones de Co-V, Ni-Cr, Ni-Co, Sn-Zn, Co-Cr, Zn-Th, Sn-Th and Co-Zn confirma una fuente antropogénica, principalmente debida a las emisiones del tráfico vehicular, combustión y actividades antropogénicas locales. Los índices de contaminación se calcularon, con la finalidad de utilizar los líquenes estudiados como indicadores de calidad del aire en la ciudad de Guanajuato. Se observaron valores altos en Pb, Zn, V y Cu. La concentración de Ni y Cr en ambas zonas son similares. Los factores de contaminación o el factor de índice de la contaminación y los criterios de índice de contaminación, revelaron niveles elevados de Be, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb y Th en las especies Caloplaca y Aspicilia sp., mientras que las especies Xanthoparmelia muestran los valores más altos solo en Be, Sb y Pb. Los resultados revelaron que el liquen más sensible fue la Aspicilia sp, con los niveles más altos de Pb. Los resultados obtenidos revelan importantes contribuciones para la comprensión de los patrones de deposición de metales pesados y proporcionan a su vez datos de referencia que pueden utilizarse para su posible identificación de zonas de riesgo. El uso de líquenes saxícolas ofrece un enfoque rentable para el monitoreo de la contaminación por metales pesados en la atmosfera y pueden utilizarse con eficacia en la vigilancia de la calidad del aire.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lichens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heavy metal pollution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[indicator]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Guanajuato city]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[líquenes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contaminación metales pesados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[indicador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ciudad de Guanajuato]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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