<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0370-5943</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista latinoamericana de química]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. latinoam. quím]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0370-5943</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Laboratorios Mixim S.A.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0370-59432010000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Albumin and transferrin are antioxidants that prevent lipoperoxidation in vitro]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez-Dieguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teodoro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en Ciencias de la Salud Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Agustín Tlaxiaca Hidalgo]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>159</fpage>
<lpage>167</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0370-59432010000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0370-59432010000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0370-59432010000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In humans, the antioxidant capacity assessment (CA) represents the sum of all the antioxidants contained in the biological sample, so the results can not be discussed according to the type of molecule responsible for CA. For this reason, we evaluated the in vitro CA protein, vitamins and enzymes in a mixture of polyun-saturated fatty acids undergo a Fenton reaction, where were tested physiological concentrations &#946;-carotene, &#947; and &#945; tocopherol, ascorbic acid, albumin, transferrin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase. We quantified the amount of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) produced in each reaction which was compared with a control sample. Tocopherols &#945; and &#947; decreased TBARS 24.9 ± 3.0% and 23.0 ± 2.2% respectively, p<0.01; the apo-transferrin show the best CA (-71.5 ± 1.7% p <0.01) followed by albumin (-52.3 ± 1.7%, p <0.01), the antioxidant effect observed in the albumin affected its structure, identifying in agarose gel low molecular weight peptides. The results indicate that as tocopherols, albumin and transferrin are antioxidants prevent in vitro oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid exposed to a Fenton reaction.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En humanos, la evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante (CA) representa la suma de todos los antioxidantes contenidos en la muestra biológica, por lo que los resultados no pueden ser discutidos de acuerdo al tipo de molécula responsable de la CA. Por esta razón, se evaluó in vitro la CA de proteínas, vitaminas y enzimas en una mezcla de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados sometidos a una reacción de Fenton, en donde se probaron concentraciones fisiológicas de ácido ascórbico, &#945; y &#947;-tocoferol, &#946;-caroteno, albúmina, transferrina, superóxido dismutasa, catalasa, glutatión y glutatión peroxidasa. Se cuantificó la cantidad de moléculas que reaccionan al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) producidas en cada reacción, la cual se comparó con una muestra control. Los tocoferoles &#945; y &#947; se comportaron de forma similar, ambos redujeron las TBARS un 24.9 ± 3.0% y 23.0 ± 2.2% respectivamente, p<0.01; la apo-transferrina fue la molécula con mayor CA (-71.5 ± 1.7% p<0.01) seguida de la albúmina (-52.3 ± 1.7%, p<0.01), el efecto antioxidante observado en la albúmina comprometió su estructura, fragmentándola en péptidos de bajo peso molecular. Los resultados obtenidos indican que al igual que los tocoferoles, la albúmina y transferrina son antioxidantes que previenen la oxidación in vitro de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados expuestos a una reacción de Fenton.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[polyunsaturated fatty acid]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lipid peroxidation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antioxidant capacity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[TBARS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ácidos grasos poliinsaturados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lipoperoxidación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[capacidad antioxidante]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[TBARS]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Albumin and transferrin are antioxidants that prevent lipoperoxidation <i>in vitro</i></b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>L&oacute;pez&#150;Rodr&iacute;guez Guadalupe, Su&aacute;rez&#150;Dieguez Teodoro</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Laboratorio de Nutrici&oacute;n Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n Interdisciplinaria en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma del Estado de Hidalgo. Carretera Actopan&#150;Tilcuautla S/N, Ex Hacienda de la Concepci&oacute;n, San Agust&iacute;n Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo. C.P 42162. Corresponding author: Tel +52 (771) 7172000 Ext 5116, Fax 5111,</i> <a href="mailto:glopez@uaeh.edu.mx">glopez@uaeh.edu.mx</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received Agosto 2010.    <br> Accepted December 2010.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">In humans, the antioxidant capacity assessment (CA) represents the sum of all the antioxidants contained in the biological sample, so the results can not be discussed according to the type of <i>molecule </i>responsible for CA. For this reason, we evaluated the in vitro CA protein, vitamins and enzymes in a mixture of polyun&#150;saturated fatty acids undergo a Fenton reaction, where were tested physiological concentrations &#946;&#150;carotene, &#947; and &#945; tocopherol, ascorbic acid, albumin, transferrin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase. We quantified the amount of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) produced in each reaction which was compared with a control sample. Tocopherols &#945; and &#947; decreased TBARS 24.9 &plusmn; 3.0% and 23.0 &plusmn; 2.2% respectively, p&lt;0.01; the apo&#150;transferrin show the best CA (&#150;71.5 &plusmn; 1.7% p &lt;0.01) followed by albumin (&#150;52.3 &plusmn; 1.7%, p &lt;0.01), the antioxidant effect observed in the albumin affected its structure, identifying in agarose gel low molecular weight peptides. The results indicate that as tocopherols, albumin and transferrin are antioxidants prevent <i>in vitro </i>oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid exposed to a Fenton reaction.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> polyunsaturated fatty acid, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, TBARS.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En humanos, la evaluaci&oacute;n de la capacidad antioxidante (CA) representa la suma de todos los antioxidantes contenidos en la muestra biol&oacute;gica, por lo que los resultados no pueden ser discutidos de acuerdo al tipo de mol&eacute;cula responsable de la CA. Por esta raz&oacute;n, se evalu&oacute; <i>in vitro </i>la CA de prote&iacute;nas, vitaminas y enzimas en una mezcla de &aacute;cidos grasos poliinsaturados sometidos a una reacci&oacute;n de Fenton, en donde se probaron concentraciones fisiol&oacute;gicas de &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico, &#945; y &#947;&#150;tocoferol, &#946;&#150;caroteno, alb&uacute;mina, transferrina, super&oacute;xido dismutasa, catalasa, glutati&oacute;n y glutati&oacute;n peroxidasa. Se cuantific&oacute; la cantidad de mol&eacute;culas que reaccionan al &aacute;cido tiobarbit&uacute;rico (TBARS) producidas en cada reacci&oacute;n, la cual se compar&oacute; con una muestra control. Los tocoferoles &#945; y &#947; se comportaron de forma similar, ambos redujeron las TBARS un 24.9 &plusmn; 3.0% y 23.0 &plusmn; 2.2% respectivamente, p&lt;0.01; la apo&#150;transferrina fue la mol&eacute;cula con mayor CA (&#150;71.5 &plusmn; 1.7% p&lt;0.01) seguida de la alb&uacute;mina (&#150;52.3 &plusmn; 1.7%, p&lt;0.01), el efecto antioxidante observado en la alb&uacute;mina comprometi&oacute; su estructura, fragment&aacute;ndola en p&eacute;ptidos de bajo peso molecular. Los resultados obtenidos indican que al igual que los tocoferoles, la alb&uacute;mina y transferrina son antioxidantes que previenen la oxidaci&oacute;n <i>in vitro </i>de &aacute;cidos grasos poliinsaturados expuestos a una reacci&oacute;n de Fenton.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave: </b>&aacute;cidos grasos poliinsaturados, lipoperoxidaci&oacute;n, capacidad antioxidante, TBARS.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El estr&eacute;s oxidativo caracterizado por un desequilibrio oxidante / antioxidante de una c&eacute;lula intacta es una condici&oacute;n que se ha asociado con m&uacute;ltiples patolog&iacute;as en diferentes estados del desarrollo (Guggenheim &amp; Wolinsky, 1981). Al respecto, los estudios se han centrado en aclarar cu&aacute;l es el rol que el estr&eacute;s oxidativo tiene en la etiolog&iacute;a y progresi&oacute;n de enfermedades cr&oacute;nicas no transmisibles (ECNT) (Blake <i>et al., </i>1989; Collins, Duthie, &amp; Ross, 1994; Gey, 1986), estados de desnutrici&oacute;n (Golden &amp; Ramdath, 1987; Manary, Leeuwenburgh, &amp; Heinecke, 2000; Ohtsuka, Kojima, Ohtani, &amp; Hayashi, 1998) as&iacute; como en procesos tan inherentes al hombre como el envejecimiento (Cutler, 1991).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El estado antioxidante representa el equilibrio entre las defensas antioxidantes y los oxidantes en un organismo vivo (Lapenna, Ciofani, Pierdomenico, Giamberardino, &amp; Cuccurullo, 2001), un desequilibrio en cualquiera de los dos componentes pueden causar estr&eacute;s oxidativo. En humanos las mol&eacute;culas a las cuales se les ha conferido una funci&oacute;n antioxidante son m&uacute;ltiples, las de origen end&oacute;geno son principalmente enzimas, como la glutati&oacute;n peroxidasa (GPx), super&oacute;xido dismutasa (SOD) y catalasa (CAT) as&iacute; como prote&iacute;nas de transporte como transferrina y alb&uacute;mina; y algunas provenientes de la dieta como vitaminas y minerales, siendo el selenio, &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico, &#946;&#150;caroteno y el &#945;&#150;tocoferol los m&aacute;s estudiados.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Debido a la importancia del estr&eacute;s oxidativo en las ECNT en humanos y modelos animales se han utilizado diversos indicadores para evaluar la CA y el estado oxidativo, desde los no invasivos, como la cuantificaci&oacute;n de hidrocarbonos vol&aacute;tiles (Knutson, Handelman, &amp; Viteri, 2000) y los ecosanodides en orina, (Lee, Shoeman, &amp; Csallany, 1992; Nelson, Morris, Schmidt, &amp; Levander, 1993) as&iacute; como los invasivos como la medici&oacute;n en sangre de las TBARS (Ohkawa, Ohishi, &amp; Yagi, 1979), oxidaci&oacute;n de lipoprote&iacute;nas de baja densidad (LDL) provenientes del suero (Esterbauer, Striegl, Puhl, &amp; Rotheneder, 1989) y los niveles de nutrientes antioxidantes, quienes son los indicadores m&aacute;s utilizados para evaluar la CA. De todos los anteriores la cuantificaci&oacute;n de TBARS en sangre es la medici&oacute;n m&aacute;s utilizada para evaluar estr&eacute;s oxidativo a pesar de las controversias al respecto (Lapenna, <i>et al. </i>, 2001).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Para fines de evaluaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica y/o poblacional se requiere utilizar m&eacute;todos de bajo costo que reflejen adecuadamente un estado antioxidante, adem&aacute;s, es necesario conocer cuales son las mol&eacute;culas o nutrientes que tienen la mayor actividad antioxidante en los sistemas <i>in vitro </i>o en los m&eacute;todos seleccionados para realizar la evaluaci&oacute;n; para tal efecto en este estudio se determin&oacute; la CA <i>in vitro </i>de antioxidantes de distinta naturaleza en una mezcla de &aacute;cidos grasos poliinsaturados sometidos a una reacci&oacute;n de Fenton (AGPFent). Se evaluaron de forma independiente algunos nutrientes o prote&iacute;nas con funci&oacute;n antioxidante descrita, se probaron concentraciones fijas de &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico, &#945;&#150;tocoferol, &#947;&#150;tocoferol, &#946;&#150;caroteno, alb&uacute;mina, transferrina; as&iacute; como de enzimas como CAT, SOD, glutati&oacute;n reducido (GSH) y GPx.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Material y M&eacute;todos</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Evaluaci&oacute;n de la capacidad antioxidante</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Para medir la CA se utiliz&oacute; el principio de las TBARS, aplicando un m&eacute;todo modificado de la t&eacute;cnica descrita por Hicks JJ y Medina&#150;Navarro (Hicks &amp; Medina&#150;Navarro, 1995), denominado AGPFent. En un sistema de 2 mL, compuesto por un amortiguador trizma base 7.2 mM, pH 8.0, se coloc&oacute; una mezcla de &aacute;cidos grasos poliinsaturados, linol&eacute;nico (89.2 &#951;moles) y linoleico (89.7 &#951;moles), 1 &#956;mol de FeCl<sub>2</sub> y 2.5 &#956;moles de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (pH 5.1). La mezcla se incub&oacute; 15 minutos a 37&deg;C, adicionando 1.0 mL de &aacute;cido tiobarbit&uacute;rico al 0.375% (95&deg;C durante 15 minutos), la reacci&oacute;n se detuvo con 500 &#956;L de HCl 2 N y se ley&oacute; absorbancia a una longitud de onda de 532 nm, a esta mezcla se le consider&oacute; como la oxidaci&oacute;n m&aacute;xima (control).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Capacidad antioxidante de los principales compuestos antioxidantes</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Con el fin de establecer la funci&oacute;n <i>in vitro </i>de algunos nutrientes, prote&iacute;nas y enzimas con mayor evidencia cient&iacute;fica contra la lipoperoxidaci&oacute;n de &aacute;cidos grasos poliinsaturados, se evalu&oacute; la CA del &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico (Levine, 1986), &#945;&#150;tocoferol (Burton &amp; Traber, 1990), &#947;&#150;tocoferol (Devaraj &amp; Traber, 2003), &#946;&#150;caroteno (Burton &amp; Ingold, 1984), alb&uacute;mina (Bourdon &amp; Blache, 2001), transferrina (Aruoma &amp; Halliwell, 1987), CAT (Calabrese &amp; Canada, 1989), SOD (Fridovich, 1986), GPx (Ursini &amp; Bindoli, 1987) y GSH (Anderson, Underwood, Bridges, &amp; Meister, 1989), utilizando mezclas equivalentes a las concentraciones medias reportadas en rangos normales en plasma o suero de humanos. Los resultados del efecto antioxidante de cada uno de los compuestos se informan como porcentajes de reducci&oacute;n en relaci&oacute;n con la oxidaci&oacute;n m&aacute;xima.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las soluciones de mol&eacute;culas y nutrientes antioxidantes se prepararon en el momento del an&aacute;lisis y se probaron de forma independiente en la mezcla de AGPFent, el volumen probado en cada reacci&oacute;n fue de 20 &#956;L. Se utiliz&oacute; L (+) &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico (Mca Riedel&#150;de Ha&euml;n) a una concentraci&oacute;n de 0.95 mg/dL (Devasena, Lalitha, &amp; Padma, 2001), de la cual se tomaron 9.5 &#956;g para adicionarlo a la mezcla de AGPFent. El (+)&#150;<img src="/img/revistas/rlq/v38n3/a4s1.jpg">&#150;acetato de tocoferol (SIGMA&#150;Aldrich) se prepar&oacute; a una concentraci&oacute;n de 800 &#956;g/dL y fue diluido en dimetil sulf&oacute;xido (Sokol, Heubi, Iannaccone, Bove, &amp; Balistreri, 1984), de la soluci&oacute;n se tomaron 0.16 &#956;g. El &#947;&#150;tocoferol utilizado fue (+)&#150;&#947;&#150;tocoferol (SIGMA&#150;Aldrich) a una concentraci&oacute;n de 4.18 &#956;M (diluido con dimetil sulf&oacute;xido) (Gross, Yu, Hannan, Prouty, &amp; Jacobs, 2003), del cual se tomaron 9.5 &#956;g. El &uacute;ltimo antioxidante probado fue &#946;&#150;caroteno sint&eacute;tico (SIGMA&#150;Aldrich) a una concentraci&oacute;n de 0.32 &#956;M (diluido con dimetil sulf&oacute;xido), y se probaron 3.5 &#951;g.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se utiliz&oacute; alb&uacute;mina bovina (PM <img src="/img/revistas/rlq/v38n3/a4s2.jpg"> 70,000) a una concentraci&oacute;n de 4.5 g/dL (SIGMA&#150;Aldrich) de esta mezcla se probaron 0.9 mg en el sistema AGPFent para evaluar su efecto antioxidante independiente. La transferrina (PM <img src="/img/revistas/rlq/v38n3/a4s2.jpg"> 79,500) que se utiliz&oacute; fue apotransferrina humana (SIGMA&#150;Aldrich) a una concentraci&oacute;n de 250 mg/dL, de la cual se probaron 50 &#956;g.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se prepar&oacute; CAT bovina (SIGMA&#150;Aldrich) a una concentraci&oacute;n de 34.5 U/g de hemoglobina (Hb) (Castenmiller et al., 1999), de la mezcla se probaron 20 &#956;L (0.083 U). De la SOD bovina (SIGMA&#150;Aldrich) se prepar&oacute; una soluci&oacute;n de 3 U/mg (Squali Houssaini, Arnaud, Richard, Renversez, &amp; Favier, 1997) y se probaron en el sistema AGPFent 20 U. La GPx bovina (SIGMA&#150;Aldrich) se prepar&oacute; a una concentraci&oacute;n de 68.85 U/g Hb, (Castenmiller, <i>et al., </i>1999), de esta mezcla se probaron 0.16 U. La concentraci&oacute;n de GSH elegida fue de 2.42 &#956;moles/g Hb (Fechner <i>et al., </i>2001), para tomar 1.8 &#956;g. Todas las prote&iacute;nas de trasporte y enzimas se diluyeron en una soluci&oacute;n de buffer de fosfatos 100 mM, pH 7.0.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Electroforesis de prote&iacute;nas</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Una vez que se evalu&oacute; la CA de la alb&uacute;mina y la transferrina en el sistema de AGPFent, se extrajo la prote&iacute;na del medio con 100 &#956;l de &aacute;cido percl&oacute;rico 2 M, y se precipitaron centrifugando la mezcla a 14,000 rpm, 10 minutos a 4&deg; C, se elimin&oacute; el sobrenadante y el paquete proteico se reconstituy&oacute; con buffer de fosfatos 100 mM. Para separar las prote&iacute;nas se uso un gel de poliacrilamida con dodecilsulfato de sodio (PAGE&#150;SDS), el gel separador fue preparado con buffer tris 3M pH 8.8, acrilamida al 30%, con una relaci&oacute;n bis acrilamida/acrilamida de 1:37, TEMED al 0.06%, SDS al 10% y persulfato de amonio al 10%. EL gel concentrador se prepar&oacute; con buffer tris 0.5 M, pH 6.8, TEMED al 0.06%, acrilamida al 30%, SDS al 10% y persulfato de amonio al 10%.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>An&aacute;lisis Estad&iacute;stico</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Todos los an&aacute;lisis se realizaron en el software SPSS (SPSS versi&oacute;n 10, Chicago, IL).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los datos se presentan como el promedio de cada grupo experimental &plusmn; la desviaci&oacute;n est&aacute;ndar. Se realiz&oacute; una prueba de ANOVA de una v&iacute;a con una post prueba de Turkey para comparar las diferencias entre los grupos. Las diferencias entre dos grupos se establecieron con la prueba t&#150;Student. Se consider&oacute; un nivel de significancia con un valor de p&lt;0.05.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se evalu&oacute; <i>in vitro </i>la capacidad antioxidante de cada uno de los nutrientes, prote&iacute;nas y enzimas antioxidantes con mayor evidencia cient&iacute;fica en los procesos de peroxidaci&oacute;n de l&iacute;pidos. La oxidaci&oacute;n m&aacute;xima (control) sin antioxidantes produjo en promedio 10.2 &plusmn; 0.5 &#951;moles de TBARS, lo que represent&oacute; el 100% de oxidaci&oacute;n. Con el &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico se cuantific&oacute; un aument&oacute; del 10% en la cantidad de TBARS al compararse con el control, esto est&aacute; relacionado con su funci&oacute;n prooxidante debido a que el acido asc&oacute;rbico reduce el Fe<sup>3+</sup> en Fe <sup>2+</sup> y de esta manera mantiene el sustrato para continuar con la reacci&oacute;n de Fenton, esta evidencia es bien conocida y se da principalmente en estados de sobredosis de hierro (Chen <i>et al., </i>2000; Dasgupta &amp; Zdunek, 1992; Miller &amp; Aust, 1989).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El &#945;&#150;tocoferol es referida como la mol&eacute;cula con una mayor CA en soluciones de l&iacute;pidos (Liebler, 1998; Skinner &amp; Parkhurst, 1970), sin embargo, en este experimento el efecto antioxidante del &#945;&#150;tocoferol y el &#947;&#150;tocoferol fue semejante en la mezcla de AGPFent, estas mol&eacute;culas redujeron la cuantificaci&oacute;n de TBARS un 24.9 &plusmn; 3.0% vs 23.0 &plusmn; 2.2% respectivamente. La capacidad antioxidante de los tocoferoles est&aacute; relacionada con la inactivaci&oacute;n en este medio del radical hidr&oacute;xilo y per&oacute;xido, adem&aacute;s se ha descrito que entre la forma &#945; y &#947; existe una similitud en su actividad como atrapadores para el singulete de ox&iacute;geno (100/100) (Kaiser, Di Mascio, Murphy, &amp; Sies, 1990).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Existe evidencia que indica que el &#946;&#150;caroteno reacciona con el radical lip&iacute;dico formando un radical intermediario que en el momento de reaccionar con otro radical lip&iacute;dico forma un producto estable (Burton, 1989) y as&iacute; se rompe la reacci&oacute;n en cadena de la lipoperoxidaci&oacute;n, la CA del &#946;&#150;caroteno en la mezcla AGPFent fue del 16.8 &plusmn; 1.7% menor al control, proporci&oacute;n que es mas baja a la CA observada en los tocoferoles &#945; y &#947;. (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a>).</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="t1"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/rlq/v38n3/a4t1.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los resultados obtenidos con la alb&uacute;mina bovina permiten proponerla como un efectivo antioxidante durante la liporer&#150;oxidaci&oacute;n, &eacute;sta fue capaz de evitar en m&aacute;s del 50% el da&ntilde;o producido por el radical hidroxilo, producto de la reacci&oacute;n del H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> y el hierro; la alb&uacute;mina redujo en promedio la cuantificaci&oacute;n de TBARS en la mezcla AGPFent un 52.3 &plusmn; 1.7 %o; esta prote&iacute;na se fragmento durante su actividad antioxidante, el gel de poliacrilamida/SDS revel&oacute; bandas de aproximadamente 10, 15, 40 y 70 kDA (<a href="#f1">Figura 1</a>), estas bandas presentan un peso similar a las observadas en alb&uacute;mina expuesta a Cu y ascorbato (Marx &amp; Chevion, 1986). La fragmentaci&oacute;n de las prote&iacute;nas es ocasionada por los radicales hidr&oacute;xilo as&iacute; como los iones perferrilo (Davies, Lin, &amp; Pacifici, 1987; Dubinina <i>et al., </i>2002); esto se aplica tambi&eacute;n para la alb&uacute;mina, la cual puede prevenir la peroxidaci&oacute;n quelando hierro y atrapando radicales libres de ox&iacute;geno (Fukuzawa, <i>et al., </i>2005). La fragmentaci&oacute;n de la alb&uacute;mina durante estados de estr&eacute;s mediados por hierro podr&iacute;a tener implicaciones muy importantes en la nutrici&oacute;n humana, principalmente en la fisiopatolog&iacute;a del kwashiorkor; es posible que en estados graves de desnutrici&oacute;n la alb&uacute;mina pierda su conformaci&oacute;n estructural y de esta manera su funci&oacute;n antioxidante as&iacute; como su capacidad onc&oacute;tica en el plasma y como consecuencia se presente el edema caracter&iacute;stico en el Kwashiorkor.</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/rlq/v38n3/a4f1.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En la apo&#150;transferrina se observ&oacute; el mayor efecto antioxidante en relaci&oacute;n a todas los antioxidantes probados, se cuantific&oacute; un 71.5 &plusmn; 1.7 % menor cantidad de TBARS cuando a la mezcla de AGPFent se le adicion&oacute; apo&#150;transferrina, este resultado es concordante con la funci&oacute;n de la prote&iacute;na, la cual trasporta hierro y la reacci&oacute;n de Fenton se evita sin la disponibilidad de hierro libre (Cairo, Recalcati, Pietrangelo, &amp; Minotti, 2002). A diferencia de la alb&uacute;mina, la transferrina no mostr&oacute; alteraciones en su estructura (<a href="#f2">Figura 2</a>), por lo que se supone que solo se satur&oacute; de hierro. Las enzimas CAT, SOD, GPx y el GSH tuvieron comportamientos similares en su CA, en estas prote&iacute;nas se cuantific&oacute; en promedio de 40&#150;50% menos TBARS en relaci&oacute;n con la muestra control (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a>). En estas condiciones de reacci&oacute;n es posible que la CAT convirtiera al per&oacute;xido de hidr&oacute;geno en agua y ox&iacute;geno (Eremin &amp; Metelitsa, 1996), de tal forma que se evit&oacute; que reaccionara con el hierro, la GPx cataliz&oacute; la reducci&oacute;n de &oacute;xidos a alcoholes y el GSH redujo los hidroper&oacute;xidos lip&iacute;dicos y/o neutraliz&oacute; radicales hidroxilo. Debido a que la principal funci&oacute;n de la SOD es la dismutacion del ani&oacute;n super&oacute;xido, el cual se forma durante la descomposici&oacute;n del &aacute;cido linoleico inducido por el ion ferroso (Kambayashi <i>et al., </i>2003), la SOD pudo evitar la disponibilidad del ani&oacute;n superoxido y la formaci&oacute;n de su forma protonada y de esta forma la peroxidaci&oacute;n (De Grey, 2002; Roginsky &amp; Barsukova, 2001). La funci&oacute;n de las enzimas antioxidantes puede estar relacionada tambi&eacute;n con la capacidad antioxidante de amino&aacute;cidos como el tript&oacute;fano, la ciste&iacute;na, tirosina, fenilalanina e histidina, por lo que la reducci&oacute;n del da&ntilde;o oxidativo observado en la emulsi&oacute;n de &aacute;cidos grasos podr&iacute;a ocasionar una modificaci&oacute;n oxidativa de la estructura de cualquier prote&iacute;na independientemente de su funci&oacute;n (Dubinina, <i>et al., </i>2002). Es necesario aclarar que en este trabajo de investigaci&oacute;n se reporta la CA independiente de algunos antioxidantes, por lo que se realiz&oacute; una mezcla de todas las mol&eacute;culas probadas a la misma concentraci&oacute;n, se observ&oacute; que esta mezcla reduce en un 64.5 &plusmn; 4.1 % la cantidad de TBARS en relaci&oacute;n al control; sin embargo, no se determin&oacute; que mol&eacute;cula pudo tener una mayor CA, ni se establecieron interacciones entre antioxidantes como potencializadores de reacciones, condiciones que <i>in vivo </i>son comunes.</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f2"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/rlq/v38n3/a4f2.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>CONCLUSIONES</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los resultados permiten proponer que las prote&iacute;nas alb&uacute;mina y transferrina tienen una potente actividad antioxidantes en los sistemas que producen lipoper&oacute;xidos a trav&eacute;s de una reacci&oacute;n de Fenton, esto fue observado tambi&eacute;n en prote&iacute;nas con actividad enzim&aacute;tica como la CAT y SOD, quienes presentaron un efecto antioxidante mayor al registrado para los tocoferoles, los cuales son reconocidos como los mejores antioxidantes contra la lipoperoxidaci&oacute;n.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCIAS</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Anderson, M. E., Underwood, M., Bridges, R. J., Meister, A. (1989). Glutathione metabolism at the blood&#150;cerebrospinal fluid barrier. <i>FASEB Journal 3: </i>2527&#150;2531.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=7365496&pid=S0370-5943201000030000400001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Aruoma, O. I., Halliwell, B. (1987). Superoxide&#150;dependent and ascorbate&#150;dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron. Are lactoferrin and transferrin promoters of hydroxyl&#150;radical generation? <i>Biochemical Journal </i><b>241: </b>273&#150;278.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=7365498&pid=S0370-5943201000030000400002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Blake, D. R., Merry, P., Unsworth, J., Kidd, B. L., Outhwaite, J. M., Ballard, R., <i>et al. </i>(1989). Hypoxic&#150;reperfusion injury in the inflamed human joint. <i>Lancet </i><b>1: </b>289&#150;293.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=7365500&pid=S0370-5943201000030000400003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     ]]></body>
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