<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0301-7036</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Problemas del desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Prob. Des]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0301-7036</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0301-70362016000400089</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ecuador en la trampa de la renta media]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[L&#8217;Equateur dans le piège du revenu intermédiaire]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Equadorna armadilha da renda média]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="zh"><![CDATA[&#20013;&#31561;&#25910;&#20837;&#38519;&#38449;&#20013;&#30340;&#21380;&#29916;&#22810;&#23572;]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ecuador in the middle income trap]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Cantabria  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>187</numero>
<fpage>89</fpage>
<lpage>112</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0301-70362016000400089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0301-70362016000400089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0301-70362016000400089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La trampa de renta media (TRM) alude a las dificultades de los países de renta media para la convergencia con los desarrollados, por su incapacidad para completar la transición productiva desde los sectores de bajo valor añadido (productos primarios y manufacturas intensivas en recursos naturales y trabajo) a los de alto valor añadido (manufacturas intensivas en tecnología). El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar las causas de la TRM en que se halla Ecuador desde hace más de 60 años y las perspectivas de salida de dicha trampa, analizando las estrategias de desarrollo oficiales y las condiciones que la literatura emergente sobre la TRM (que conectan con la teoría del Estado desarrollista y su problemática exportación al ámbito latinoamericano) establece para la graduación en desarrollo de los países exportadores de unos pocos productos primarios.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé: Le piège du revenu intermédiaire (PRI) renvoie aux difficultés des pays à revenu inter médiaire pour converger avec les développements, de par leur incapacité à achever la transition productive depuis les secteurs de basse valeur ajoutée (produits primaires et manufactures intensifs en ressources naturelles et travail) à ceux de haute valeur ajoutée (manufactures intensives en technologie). L&#8217;objectif de ce travail est d&#8217;évaluer les causes du fait que ce piège se soit refermé sur l&#8217;Équateur depuis plus de 60 ans et les perspectives d&#8217;en sortir, en analysant les stratégies de développement officielles et les conditions que les écrits émergents sur le PRI (en rapport à la théorie d&#8217;État développementiste et sa problématique exportation au milieu latino-américain) établit pour la qualification en développement des pays n&#8217;exportant que quelques produits primaires.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: A armadilha da renda média (ARM) faz referência aas dificuldades dos países de renda média para convergir com os desenvolvidos, pela sua incapacidade de completar a transição produtiva saindo de setores de baixo valor agregado (produtos primários e manufaturas intensivas em recursos naturais e trabalho) aos de alto valor agregado (manufaturas intensivas em tecnologia). O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as causas continuar na ARM depois de mais de 60 anos e as perspectivas de saída de tal armadilha, analisando as estratégias oficiais de desenvolvimento e as condições que a literatura emergente sobre a ARM (que conectam com a teoria do Estado desenvolvimentista e sua complicada exportação no âmbito latino-americano) estabelece para a graduação em desenvolvimento dos países que são exportadores de apenas alguns poucos produtos primários.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="zh"><p><![CDATA[&#25688;&#35201;: &#20013;&#31561;&#25910;&#20837;&#38519;&#38449;&#25351;&#20013;&#31561;&#25910;&#20837;&#22269;&#23478;&#30001;&#20110;&#33258;&#36523;&#33021;&#21147;&#26377;&#38480;&#26080;&#27861;&#23436;&#25104;&#30001;&#20302;&#38468;&#21152;&#20540;&#20135;&#19994;&#65288;&#21021;&#32423;&#20135;&#21697;&#21644;&#36164;&#28304;&#21450;&#21171;&#21160;&#23494;&#38598;&#22411;&#21046;&#36896;&#19994;&#65289;&#21521;&#39640;&#38468;&#21152;&#20540;&#20135;&#19994;&#65288;&#25216;&#26415;&#23494;&#38598;&#22411;&#20135;&#19994;&#65289;&#30340;&#36807;&#28193;&#20197;&#36798;&#21040;&#21457;&#36798;&#22269;&#23478;&#30340;&#27700;&#24179;&#32780;&#36935;&#21040;&#30340;&#22256;&#38590;&#12290;&#26412;&#35770;&#25991;&#26088;&#22312;&#20998;&#26512;&#21380;&#29916;&#22810;&#23572;60&#22810;&#24180;&#26469;&#28145;&#38519;&#20013;&#31561;&#25910;&#20837;&#38519;&#38449;&#30340;&#21407;&#22240;, &#20197;&#21450;&#36208;&#20986;&#35813;&#38519;&#38449;&#30340;&#21069;&#26223;&#12290;&#26412;&#25991;&#23558;&#21078;&#26512;&#21380;&#29916;&#22810;&#23572;&#23448;&#26041;&#21457;&#23637;&#25112;&#30053;&#21644;&#26032;&#20852;&#20013;&#31561;&#25910;&#20837;&#38519;&#38449;&#25991;&#23398;&#25552;&#20986;&#30340;&#21010;&#20998;&#22788;&#32423;&#20135;&#21697;&#36739;&#23569;&#30340;&#20986;&#21475;&#22269;&#21457;&#23637;&#31243;&#24230;&#30340;&#26465;&#20214;&#65288;&#35813;&#31867;&#25991;&#23398;&#25552;&#20986;&#30340;&#26465;&#20214;&#23558;&#21457;&#23637;&#22411;&#22269;&#23478;&#29702;&#35770;&#21450;&#20854;&#20986;&#21475;&#19982;&#25289;&#19969;&#32654;&#27954;&#32852;&#31995;&#36215;&#26469;&#65289;&#12290;]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The middle income trap (MIT) alludes to the challenges that middle income countries face in converging with developed nations, due to their inability to complete the productive transition from low value-added sectors (commodities and natural resource- and labor-intensive manufactured goods) to high value-added sectors (technology-intensive manufactured goods). The objective of this paper is to evaluate the causes behind the MIT in which Ecuador has been entrenched for the past 60 years and the country&#8217;s prospects for emerging from this trap, analyzing official development strategies and the conditions that the emerging literature about the MIT (which connects with the theory of the developmentalist State and its problematic exportation to the Latin America region) has found are needed for countries that export just a few commodities to make strides forward in development.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trampa de la renta media]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[productos primarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambio estructural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[innovación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[políticas industriales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[piège du revenu intermédiaire]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[produits primaires]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[croissance économique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[changement structurel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[éducation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[politiques industrielles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[armadilha de renda média]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[produtos primários]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crescimento econômico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mudança estrutural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[educação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[inovação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[políticas industriais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="zh"><![CDATA[&#20013;&#31561;&#25910;&#20837;&#38519;&#38449;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="zh"><![CDATA[&#21021;&#32423;&#20135;&#21697;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="zh"><![CDATA[&#32463;&#27982;&#22686;&#38271;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="zh"><![CDATA[&#32467;&#26500;&#21464;&#21270;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="zh"><![CDATA[&#25945;&#32946;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="zh"><![CDATA[&#21019;&#26032;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="zh"><![CDATA[&#20135;&#19994;&#25919;&#31574;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Middle income trap]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[commodities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[structural change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[industrial policies]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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<page-range>259-81</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
