<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-7653</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Perfiles latinoamericanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Perf. latinoam.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-7653</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Sede Académica de México]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-76532025000100011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18504/pl3365-002-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Desigualdad política, autocratización y Estado en las democracias latinoamericanas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Political Inequality, Autocratization and the State in Latin American Democracies]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdés-Ugalde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>65</numero>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-76532025000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-76532025000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-76532025000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos, la institucionalización de la democracia ha dado lugar a cambios constitucionales que reconocen los derechos de los ciudadanos y las personas que requieren una acción positiva de la &#8220;comunidad política&#8221; (el Estado) para su cumplimiento. Sin embargo, la falta de una acción estatal suficiente para salvar la brecha entre estos derechos constituidos y su cumplimiento es un problema persistente. Esta brecha y las desigualdades que estos derechos pretenden disminuir son factores clave en la aparición de procesos de autocratización de las democracias. Este artículo propone que, aunque los regímenes políticos han experimentado reformas significativas, no se ha logrado la transformación de los Estados en la medida necesaria para satisfacer las reivindicaciones de igualdad política y para producir una gobernanza democrática. Como consecuencia de ello, surgen movimientos y liderazgos autoritarios que intentan cambiar radicalmente las reglas constitucionales sacrificando la democracia como elemento fundamental de las constituciones igualitarias.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In most Latin American countries, the institutionalization of democracy has led to constitutional changes that recognize the rights of citizens and individuals, which require positive action by the political community (the State) for their fulfillment. However, the lack of sufficient state action to bridge the gap between these constituted rights and their fulfillment is a persistent problem. This gap and the inequalities that these rights are intended to diminish are critical factors in the emergence of autocratization processes in democracies. This article proposes that, although political regimes have undergone significant reforms, the transformation of states has not been achieved to the extent necessary to satisfy demands for political equality and to produce democratic governance. Consequently, authoritarian movements and leaderships emerge that attempt to radically change constitutional rules by sacrificing democracy as a fundamental element of egalitarian constitutions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desigualdad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desdemocratización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autocracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[democracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[derechos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exclusión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[incumplimiento constitucional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[de-democratization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[state]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[autocracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rights]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exclusion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[constitutional noncompliance]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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