<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-252X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Comunicación y sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comun. soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-252X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara, Departamento de Estudios de la Comunicación Social]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-252X2020000100102</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32870/cys.v2020.7636</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Las condiciones laborales de los periodistas iberoamericanos. Diferencias temporales y geográficas en Brasil, México, Chile, España y Portugal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Working conditions of Ibero-American journalists. Temporary and geographical differences in Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Spain and Portugal]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco-Herrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oller Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arcila Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Salamanca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Università degli Studi di Milano Statale  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Italy</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Salamanca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-252X2020000100102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-252X2020000100102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-252X2020000100102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Se presenta un análisis estadístico longitudinal y comparado de los resultados de la primera (2007-2011) y segunda oleada (2012-2017) de encuestas del Worlds of Journalism Study sobre el perfil sociodemográfico y las condiciones laborales de los periodistas en España, Portugal, Chile, México y Brasil. A pesar de las disparidades entre países, observamos que, en general, el rol de la mujer se ha revalorizado, a la vez que se han precarizado las condiciones laborales de los profesionales que trabajan en medios de comunicación, expuestos a una menor estabilidad profesional y a la necesidad de pluriemplearse.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article presents a longitudinal and comparative statistical analysis of the results of the first (2007-2011) and second wave (2012-2017) of Worlds of Journalism Study surveys about the sociodemographic profile and working conditions of journalists in Spain, Portugal, Chile, Mexico and Brazil. Despite the disparities between countries, in general, the role of women has been revalued, while the working conditions of all professionals working in the media are increasingly precarious, associated to a decrease in professional stability and the need to exercise multi-employment.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Worlds of Journalism Study]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[condiciones laborales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[perfiles profesionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Iberoamérica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[periodistas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estudio longitudinal y comparativo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Worlds of Journalism Study]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[working conditions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[journalists profile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[IberoAmerica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[journalists]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[longitudinal and comparative study]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albuquerque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[O paralelismo político em questão]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ComPolítica]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las periodistas desde los estudios del periodismo: perfiles profesionales de las mujeres en los medios informativos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuestiones de género: de la igualdad y la diferencia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>325-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Model Curricula for Journalism Education]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>7-21</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[UNESCO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berganza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carratalá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La (des)confianza de los periodistas españoles hacia las instituciones públicas a partir del estudio de factores organizacionales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario Electrónico de Estudios en Comunicación Social &#8220;Disertaciones&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>24-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cushion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aalberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Towards a rolling news logic in fixed time bulletins? A comparative analysis of journalistic interventions in the US, UK and Norway]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>100-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De-Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanitzsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berganza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mujeres periodistas en España: Análisis de las características sociodemográficas y de la brecha de género]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El profesional de la información]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>497-506</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De-Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berganza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las percepciones de las mujeres periodistas sobre su trabajo. La variable género en la cultura profesional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latina de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>1818-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Palacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olvera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acallar las voces, ocultar la verdad. Violencia contra los periodistas en Veracruz]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Argumentos]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>85</numero>
<issue>85</issue>
<page-range>17-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deuze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>442-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donsbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Subjective Objectivity. How journalists in four countries define a key term of their profession]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gazette]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>53-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donsbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[News decisions: Journalists as partisan actors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Communication]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>455-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueras-Maz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mauri-Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alsius-Clavera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salgado-DeDios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La precariedad te hace dócil. Problemas que afectan a la profesión periodística]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El profesional de la información]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>70-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyave]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los periodistas en el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano. Explorando los niveles de influencia y autonomía en el ejercicio del periodismo en Colombia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El periodismo por lo periodistas]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>48-63</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Konrad Adenauer Stiftung]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gollmitzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Precariously Employed Watchdogs? Perceptions of working conditions among freelancers and interns]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism Practice]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>826-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El modelo &#8220;liberal capturado&#8221; de sistemas mediáticos, periodismo y comunicación en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Temas de Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>135-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Odriozola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La satisfacción de los periodistas de Ecuador, Chile y México frente a la formación universitaria y sus implicancias en el ejercicio profesional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>76-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papathanassopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political clientelism and the media: Southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Media, Culture &amp; Society]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>175-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mancini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comparing media systems: three models of media and politics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanitzsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deconstructing Journalism Culture: Toward a Universal Theory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mass Communication Theory]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>367-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanitzsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Journalism studies still needs to fix Western bias]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>214-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanitzsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berganza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Explaining Journalists&#8217; Trust in Public Institutions Across 20 Countries: Media Freedom, Corruption, and Ownership Matter Most]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>794-814</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanitzsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramaprasad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Beer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Worlds of Journalism. Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Columbia University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanitzsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modeling journalistic cultures. A Global Approach]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanitzsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramaprasad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Worlds of Journalism. Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>283-307</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Columbia University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hellmueller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blumell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huemmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Contextualization of the Watchdog and Civic Journalistic Roles: Reevaluating Journalistic Role Performance in U.S. Newspapers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Palabra Clave]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1072-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henkel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thurman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deffner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparing Journalism Cultures in Britain and Germany: Confrontation, Contextualization, Conformity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism Studies]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>1995-2013</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Newsrooms in conflict. Journalism and the democratization of Mexico]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Pittsburgh Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Propaganda and Crony Capitalism: Partisan Bias in Mexican Television News]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Research Review]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>81-105</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iglesias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Precariedad laboral de los periodistas, la mordaza de la prensa libre. Tentación peligrosa de pasividad]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sierra Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno Gálvez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Actas del III Encuentro Iberoamericano de Economía Política y lógicas culturales]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>503-26</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Europeo de Comunicación y Desarrollo de la Universidad de Sevilla]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnstone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slawski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The news people. A sociologial portrait of American journalists and their work]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Illinois Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Josephi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Journalists for a Young Democracy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism Studies]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>495-510</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Löffelholz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Global journalism research. Theories, methods, findings, future]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Competencias tecnológicas y nuevos perfiles profesionales: desafíos del periodismo actual]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>25</numero>
<issue>25</issue>
<page-range>81-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Hidalgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellado Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Periodistas atrapados en la Red: rutinas de trabajo y situación laboral]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Sobre el Mensaje Periodístico]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>161-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mancini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The News Media Between Volatility and Hybridization]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zielonka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Media and Politics in New Democracies: Europe in a Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>28-34</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Albertos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El ocaso del periodismo]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIMS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evolución del campo ocupacional y académico del periodista latinoamericano: lógicas de mercado y esquemas de formación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Opción]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>59</numero>
<issue>59</issue>
<page-range>11-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Chilean Journalists]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willnar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Global Journalist in the 21st Century]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>382-99</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mass communication education]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Iowa State Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mutatis mutandis? The stably evolving Portuguese Journalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brazilian Journalism Research]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>342-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brothers in arms? Portuguese and Brazilian journalistic worlds compared]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brazilian Journalism Research]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>76-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison between the journalistic cultures of Switzerland, Spain and Ecuador: the effects of context influences on the journalists&#8217; perception of professional roles and the idea of objectivity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intexto]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>90-132</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cultura(s) Periodística(s) Iberoamericana(s). La diversidad de un periodismo propio]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chavero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism in Latin America: Journalistic Culture of Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[EAE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyave]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benítez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chavero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An overview of Latin American Journalistic Culture(s). The profile, professional situation and perception of journalists in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador and Mexico]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cultura(s) Periodística(s) Iberoamericana(s). La diversidad de un periodismo propio]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>21-60</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La cultura periodística de España y Suiza]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fragua]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Örnebring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative European Journalism: The State of Current Research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Working Paper, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Örnebring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Journalists thinking about precarity: Making sense of the &#8220;new normal&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Official Research Journal of the International Symposium on Online Journalism]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>109-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Educating for Journalism: The Professionalism of Scholarship]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journalism Studies]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>213-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Retegui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mujeres periodistas en el Grupo Clarín: apuntes sobre desigualdades de género]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Razón y Palabra]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>103</numero>
<issue>103</issue>
<page-range>183-210</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Journalists&#8217; salary structure in Spain during the crisis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latina de Comunicación Social]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<page-range>178-209</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salaverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ciberperiodismo en Iberoamérica]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Telefónica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scolari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proyecto &#8220;Comunicadores digitales&#8221;: la formación de los comunicadores en Iberoamérica ante el desafío digital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anàlisi: Quaderns de comunicació i cultura]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>197-209</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The global journalist. News people around the world]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hampton Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willnat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Global Journalist in the 21st Century]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brownlee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Voakes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilhoit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Journalist in the 21st Century: U.S. News People at the Dawn of a New Millennium]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Erlbaum]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilhoit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cleveland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Journalist]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Indiana University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Journalists in Chile, Ecuador and Mexico]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Global Journalist. News People Around the World]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<page-range>433-54</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Hampton Press, Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bebawi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Data Journalism Beyond Majority World Countries: Challenges and Opportunities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Digital Journalism]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1295-302</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wyatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Foreword]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Mass Media Ethics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>239-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
