<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362025000100019</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53453</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Comparison of meteorological indices for drought assessment and monitoring: A case study from the Tafna watershed, Northwestern Algeria]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fettam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Djillali]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gherissi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Radia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belarbi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Halima]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University Centre of Maghnia Institute of Science and Technology Department of Hydraulics]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tlemcen ]]></addr-line>
<country>Algeria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Tlemcen Legislation of the Environment and Technological Choices Laboratory nº 25, Promotion of the Water Resources, Mines and Pedological]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tlemcen ]]></addr-line>
<country>Algeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Drought is a complex phenomenon that includes meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological aspects. It is characterized by an extended period of insufficient rainfall that adversely impacts civilization&#8216;s economic, social, and environmental aspects. This study compares four meteorological indices, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), China-Z index (CZI), MODIFIED China Z Index (MCZI), and Z-Score Index (ZSI), to identify the most suitable drought indices (DIs) for assessing drought in the Tafna watershed. Monthly rainfall data from 14 stations (1970-2019) were used to calculate drought events on 1-, 3-, and 12-month time scales. On the 1- and 3-month time scales, the frequency of total drought for SPI-1 and CZI-1 is higher than for MCZI-1 and ZSI-1. At the 12-month time scale, all DIs showed the same frequency of total drought for most stations. The highest Pearson correlation coefficient is observed between SPI-1 and CZI-1 on a 1-month scale, with values exceeding 0.939 across all stations. Additionally, 57 and 71% of stations exhibit the highest correlation between SPI and CZI, with coefficients exceeding 0.963 and 0.999 at 3- and 12-month scales, respectively. Most stations do not show any trend (increase or decrease) using the Mann-Kendall trend test in all index values at 1- and 3-month scales. On a 12-month scale, most stations showed an increase in the values of all DIs. The results reported in this study provide valuable insights that can enhance the management of water resources and improve preparedness for drought events in the Tafna watershed, particularly in the context of climate change.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La sequía es un fenómeno complejo que incluye aspectos meteorológicos, agrícolas e hidrológicos. Se caracteriza por un periodo prolongado de lluvias insuficientes que afecta negativamente los aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales de la civilización. Este estudio compara cuatro índices meteorológicos, incluyendo el Índice de Precipitación Estandarizado (SPI), el Índice China-Z (CZI), el Índice Modificado China Z (MCZI) y el Índice Z-Score (ZSI) a fin de identificar los índices de sequía (DI) más adecuados para evaluar la sequía en la cuenca del Tafna. Se utilizaron datos mensuales de precipitación de 14 estaciones (1970-2019) para calcular los eventos de sequía en escalas de tiempo de 1, 3 y 12 meses. En las escalas de tiempo de 1 y 3 meses, la frecuencia de sequía total para SPI-1 y CZI-1 es mayor que para MCZI-1 y ZSI-1. En la escala de 12 meses, todos los DI mostraron la misma frecuencia de sequía total para la mayoría de las estaciones. El mayor coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se observa entre SPI-1 y CZI-1 en la escala de 1 mes, con valores superiores a 0.939 en todas las estaciones. Además, el 57 y 71 % de las estaciones muestran la mayor correlación entre SPI y CZI, con coeficientes superiores a 0.963 y 0.999 en las escalas de 3 y 12 meses, respectivamente. La mayoría de las estaciones no muestran alguna tendencia (aumento o disminución) utilizando la prueba de tendencia de Mann-Kendall en todos los valores de los índices en las escalas de 1 y 3 meses. En la escala de 12 meses, la mayoría de las estaciones mostraron un aumento en los valores de todos los DI. Los resultados reportados en este estudio proporcionan valiosas ideas que pueden mejorar la gestión de los recursos hídricos y mejorar la preparación para los eventos de sequía en la cuenca del Tafna, particularmente en el contexto del cambio climático.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drought]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trend analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SPI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CZI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[MCZI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ZSI]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Achite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bazrafshan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katipo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azhdari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of hydrometeorological drought indices for characterizing historical droughts in the Mediterranean climate of Algeria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Natural Hazards]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<page-range>427-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adisa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masinde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Botai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Botai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bibliometric analysis of methods and tools for drought monitoring and prediction in Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainability]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parmryd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quantifying colocalization by correlation: The Pearson correlation coefficient is superior to the Mander&#8217;s overlap coefficient]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cytometry Part A]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>77A</volume>
<page-range>733-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akçay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[&#350;an]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nacar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kankal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Annual trends of precipitation and temperature in the northwestern part of Turkey using innovative approaches: A holistic and partial study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pure and Applied Geophysics]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>180</volume>
<page-range>3131-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berhail]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katipo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of the SPI and SPEI as drought assessment tools in a semi-arid region: Case of the Wadi Mekerra basin (northwest of Algeria)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Theoretical and Applied Climatology]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>154</volume>
<page-range>1373-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bettahar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[&#350;ener]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[&#350;]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of meteorological drought indices in the Wadi Righ area (southern Algeria)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainable Water Resources Management]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>152</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bougara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borgemeister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tischbein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparative assessment of meteorological drought in the Tafna basin, northwestern Algeria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Water and Land Development]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>78-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dogan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berktay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of multi-monthly rainfall-based drought severity indices, with application to semi-arid Konya closed basin, Turkey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydrology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>470-471</volume>
<page-range>255-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gumus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluating the effect of the SPI and SPEI methods on drought monitoring over Turkey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydrology]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>626 Part B</volume>
<page-range>130386</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hauke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kossowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of values of Pearson&#8217;s and Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficients on the same sets of data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quaestiones Geographicae]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>87-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jafarpour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adib]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lotfirad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kisi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ö]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial evaluation of climate change-induced drought characteristics in different climates based on De Martonne Aridity Index in Iran]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Water Science]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>133</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pandey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Byun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of drought indices for appraisal of drought characteristics in the Ken River Basin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Weather and Climate Extremes]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>1-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kartal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment of meteorological, hydrological and groundwater drought in the Konya closed basin, Türkiye]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environmental Earth Sciences]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<page-range>285</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katipo&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[&#350;engül]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of meteorological indices for drought monitoring and evaluating: A case study from Euphrates basin, Turkey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Water and Climate Change]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>29-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kendall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rank correlation methods]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Charles Griffin]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kendall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stuart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The advanced theory of statistics]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Macmillan, New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Distribution theory]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khanmohammadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rezaie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Behmanesh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigation of drought trend on the basis of the best obtained drought index]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resources Management]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>1355-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahmoudi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rigi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miri Kamak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparative study of precipitation-based drought indices with the aim of selecting the best index for drought monitoring in Iran]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Theoretical and Applied Climatology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>137</volume>
<page-range>3123-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nonparametric tests against trend]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1945</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>245-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doesken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kleist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Preprints of the Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>179-84</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Anaheim, CA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Meteorological Society]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doesken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kleist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drought monitoring with multiple time scales. In: Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Applied Climatology]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>233-6</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dallas, TX ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Meteorological Society]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smakhtin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moghaddasi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of seven meteorological indices for drought monitoring in Iran]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>971-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdulkareem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Md Noh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NIF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirzaei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative assessment of drought indices for evaluating drought patterns in Peninsular Malaysia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Water and Climate Change]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>4183-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pearson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[VII. Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. III. Regression, heredity, and panmixia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series A, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences]]></source>
<year>1896</year>
<volume>187</volume>
<page-range>253-318</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvacion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mapping meteorological drought hazard in the Philippines using SPI and SPEI]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Spatial Information Research]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>949-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahabfar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eitzinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal analysis of droughts in semi-arid regions by using meteorological drought indices]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmosphere]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>94-112</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simsek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yildiz-Bozkurt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gumus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of meteorological drought with different methods in the Black Sea region, Turkey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Geophysica]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<page-range>1927-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sneyers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[On the statistical analysis of series of observations. Technical note 143]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>189</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Meteorological Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sridhara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaithra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gopakkali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment and monitoring of drought in Chitradurga district of Karnataka using different drought indices]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Agrometeorology]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>221-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tefera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayoade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative analyses of SPI and SPEI as drought assessment tools in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[SN Applied Sciences]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>1265</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An evaluation of the Standardized Precipitation Index, the China-Z Index and the statistical Z-Score]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>745-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svoboda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilhite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Appropriate application of the standardized precipitation index in arid locations and dry seasons]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>65-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yacoub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tayfur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation and assessment of meteorological drought by different methods in Trarza region, Mauritania]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resources Management]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>825-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeybeko&#287;lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aktürk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparison of the China-Z Index (CZI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for drought assessment in the Hirfanli Dam basin in central Turkey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arabian Journal of Geosciences]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>2731</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeybekoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boustani Hezarani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulke Keskin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of four precipitation-based meteorological drought indices in the Yesilirmak Basin, Turkey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Id&#337;járás]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>127</volume>
<page-range>123-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
