<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362023000300128</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53189</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Development of high-resolution annual climate surfaces for Turkey using ANUSPLIN and comparison with other methods]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yener]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[&#304;smet]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Artvin Çoruh University Faculty of Forestry Department of Forest Engineering]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Artvin ]]></addr-line>
<country>Turkey</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000300128&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000300128&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000300128&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Many climate models have been developed due to the importance of the effects of climatic factors on the physical and biological environment, e.g., rock weathering, species distribution, and growth patterns of plants. Accurate, reliable climate surfaces are necessary, especially for countries such as Turkey, which has a complex terrain and limited monitoring stations. The accuracy of these models mainly depends on the spatial modeling methods used. In this study, the Australian National University Spline (ANUSPLIN) model was used to develop climate surfaces and was compared with other methods such as inverse distance weighting, co-kriging, lapse rate, and multilinear regression. The results from the developed climate surfaces were validated using three methods: (1) diagnostic statistics from the surface fitting model, such as signal, mean, root mean square predictive error, root mean square error estimate, root mean square residual of the spline, and estimate of the standard deviation of the noise in the spline; (2) a comparison of error statistics between interpolated surfaces and the withheld climate data from 81 stations; and (3) a comparison with other interpolation methods using model performance metrics, such as mean absolute error, mean error, root mean square error, and R2 adj. The most accurate results were obtained by the ANUSPLIN model. It explained 95, 88, 92, and 71% of the variance in annual mean, minimum and maximum temperature, and total precipitation, respectively. The mean absolute error of these models was 0.63, 1.16, and 0.72 ºC, as well as 54.82 mm. The generated climate surfaces, having a spatial resolution of 0.005º × 0.005º could contribute to the fields of forestry, agriculture, and hydrology.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Se han desarrollado muchos modelos climáticos debido a la importancia de los efectos de los factores climáticos sobre la distribución de las especies de plantas y los patrones de crecimiento. Se necesitan superficies climáticas precisas y confiables, especialmente para países como Turquía, que tiene un terreno complejo y estaciones de monitoreo limitadas. La precisión de estos modelos depende principalmente de los métodos de modelado espacial utilizados. En este estudio, se utilizó el modelo Spline de la Universidad Nacional de Australia (ANUSPLIN, por su sigla en inglés) para desarrollar superficies climáticas y se comparó con otros métodos, como ponderación de distancia inversa, kriging ordinal, tasa de declive y regresión multilineal. Los resultados de las superficies climáticas desarrolladas se validaron utilizando tres métodos: (1) estadísticas de diagnóstico del modelo de ajuste de superficie, como señal, media, error predictivo de la raíz cuadrática media, estimación del error cuadrático medio de la raíz, residual de la raíz cuadrática media de la variable spline, y estimación de la desviación estándar del ruido en dicha variable; (2) comparación de las estadísticas de error entre las superficies interpoladas y los datos climáticos retenidos de 81 estaciones, y (3) comparación con otros métodos de interpolación que utilizan métricas de rendimiento del modelo, como error absoluto medio, error medio, error cuadrático medio y R2 adj. Los resultados más precisos se obtuvieron con el modelo ANUSPLIN, el cual explicó el 95, 88, 92 y 71% de la varianza en la temperatura media anual, mínima y máxima y precipitación total, respectivamente. El error absoluto medio de estos modelos fue de 5.1, 16.6, 3.9 y 9.7%. Las superficies climáticas generadas podrían contribuir a los campos de la silvicultura, la agricultura y la hidrología.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[climate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spatial modeling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inverse distance weighting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[kriging]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lapse rate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[multilinear regression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Turkey]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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