<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362021000400433</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.52824</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seasonal trend analysis of carbon dioxide across latitudes of Africa, Europe and Asia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anoruo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Nigeria Department of Physics and Astronomy Atmospheric Physics Group]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Nsukka ]]></addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>433</fpage>
<lpage>459</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362021000400433&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362021000400433&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362021000400433&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Carbon-driven emissions are on the rise and much work remains to be done to benchmark seasonal carbon increase and ensure its prompt reduction. There is a great need of new methods for validating seasonal trends of carbon dioxide (CO2). We obtained CO2, temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard the Terra satellite from 2003 to 2008 over Africa (Nigeria, Mauritania, Congo, Sudan), Europe (France, Finland, Turkey, Ukraine), and Asia (China, Mongolia, India, Afghanistan). For the first time, seasonal index analysis was used to validate vegetation index. The seasonality in carbon dioxide was determined dividing the monthly average by the annual mean. Additionally, the percentage difference correlation of the NDVI and CO2 relationship was calculated to investigate the underlying influence of both parameters and validate the seasonal change resulting from the solar activity cycle. By grouping years based on solar activity maximum (2003-2004), intermediate (2005-2006) and very low activity (2007-2008), the results expanded the physical interpretation that seasonal fluctuation of NDVI corresponds to the terrestrial sink of regional CO2, mostly occurring during equinoctial months. Our results demonstrate that seasonal variation of CO2 depends on geographic latitude and the solar activity cycle. This result is essential in studying the future trend relationship between NDVI and CO2.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Las emisiones de carbono van en aumento y aún queda mucho trabajo por hacer para precisar el incremento estacional de este compuesto y garantizar su reducción a corto plazo. Hay una gran necesidad de contar con nuevos métodos para validar las tendencias estacionales del dióxido de carbono (CO2). Obtuvimos datos del periodo 2003-2008 referentes a CO2, temperatura e índice diferencial normalizado de vegetación (NVDI, por sus siglas en inglés) del Espectrorradiómetro de Imágenes de Media Resolución (MODIS) instalado a bordo del satélite Terra, para África (Nigeria, Mauritania, Congo y Sudán), Europa (Francia, Finlandia, Turquía y Ucrania) y Asia (China, Mongolia, India y Afganistán). Por primera vez se utilizó el análisis de índices estacionales para validar el índice de vegetación. La estacionalidad del dióxido de carbono se determinó mediante la división del promedio mensual entre la media anual. Adicionalmente se calculó la diferencia porcentual de la relación entre NDVI y CO2 para investigar la influencia subyacente de ambos parámetros y validar el cambio estacional derivado del ciclo de actividad solar. Mediante el agrupamiento de años con base en actividad solar máxima (2003-2004), intermedia (2005-2006) y muy baja (2007-2008), nuestros resultados ayudaron a ampliar la noción física de que la fluctuación del NDVI obedece a la presencia de sumideros regionales de CO2, sobre todo durante los meses equinocciales. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la variación estacional de CO2 depende de la latitud geográfica y los ciclos de actividad solar, lo cual resulta esencial para el estudio de las tendencias futuras de la relación entre NDVI y CO2.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geoenvironment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regional carbon trend]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[climate change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[solar activity cycle]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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