<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0186-7210</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios demográficos y urbanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. demogr. urbanos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0186-7210</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0186-72102012000200273</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Fases y variables vinculadas a la desindustrialización: un análisis en dos escalas territoriales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Phases and Variables Linked to Deindustrialization: An Analysis on Two Territorial Scales]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sobrino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de México Centro de Estudios Demográficos, Urbanos y Ambientales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>273</fpage>
<lpage>316</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0186-72102012000200273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0186-72102012000200273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0186-72102012000200273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: En los estudios sobre economía espacial y economía industrial suele afirmarse que la desindustrialización consiste en la pérdida de importancia de la industria manufacturera en el mercado de trabajo y en la estructura económica. Los factores asociados a dicha pérdida se dividen entre los vinculados con la integración vertical de los servicios de orden superior al proceso productivo, y los relacionados con la falta de competitividad para la producción de bienes. El propósito de este artículo consiste en aportar elementos conceptuales y evidencia empírica para caracterizar la desindustrialización como un proceso que atraviesa por diversas fases, que van desde el crecimiento industrial hasta la pérdida absoluta de empleo y producción; asimismo busca explorar variables asociadas a tal proceso. Para ello se utilizan los instrumentos estadísticos de análisis de correspondencias, los modelos log-lineales y las funciones de regresión logística. En una primera etapa el estudio incluye 88 países, y en la segunda se cambia la escala geográfica para enfocarse en las 90 áreas urbanas y metropolitanas más pobladas de México. Se concluye que la desindustrialización en ambas escalas territoriales (país y ciudad) comparte elementos comunes relacionados con un menor crecimiento económico y un mayor peso de los servicios al productor. Pero también se observan especificidades, como la mayor velocidad y variabilidad del proceso en las ciudades respecto a los países. La desindustrialización debe ser vista como un proceso, aunque no siempre lineal ni tampoco circunscrito a las naciones más desarrolladas o a las ciudades de mayor tamaño.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: According to studies on spatial and industrial economics, deindustrialization involves the loss of importance of the manufacturing industry in the labor market and the economic structure. The factors associated with this loss are divided among those linked to the vertical integration of services of a higher order than the productive process and those linked to the loss of competitiveness for the production of goods. The purpose of this article is to contribute conceptual elements and empirical evidence for characterizing deindustrialization as a process that undergoes various phases ranging from industrial growth to the absolute loss of employment and production; it also seeks to explore the variables associated with this process. To this end, some statistical tools are used: correspondence analysis, log-linear models and logistic regression functions. The study originally included 88 countries. During the second phase, the geographical scale was changed in order to focus on the 90 most highly populated urban and metropolitan areas in Mexico. The author concludes that deindustrialization on both territorial scales (country and city) share common features, such as being linked to less economic growth and greater importance of producer services. However, specificities can also be observed, such as the greater speed and variability of the process in cities as opposed to countries. The article also shows that deindustrialization must be conceived of as a process, although not always as a linear one, particularly for the urban sphere and that this phenomenon is not unique to nations with a higher degree of development or larger cities.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desindustrialización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[integración vertical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[competitividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reestructuración productiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[deindustrialization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vertical integration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[competitiveness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[productive restructuring]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agresti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Categorical Data Analysis]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva Jersey ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley and Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banasick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Restructuring of the Electrical Machinery Industry in Northern Japan 1980-1995]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pennsylvania Geographer]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>2-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banasick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional Decline of Manufacturing Employment in Japan during an Era of Prolonged Stagnation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Regional Studies]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>489-503</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bannock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baxter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dictionary of Economics]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barceinas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raymond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Capital humano y desigualdad del ingreso en México, 1984-2000]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación Económica]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>256</numero>
<issue>256</issue>
<page-range>71-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barriga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El Estado y la economía: el caso de México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comercio Exterior]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>437-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bazdresch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El populismo y la política económica de México, 1970-1982]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dornbusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Macroeconomía del populismo en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<page-range>256-88</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Local Economic Development]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks, California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bluestone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The deindustrialization of America]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Basic Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borjas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[México en el mundo: inserción eficiente]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Porrúa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camagni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the Concept of Territorial Competitiveness: Sound or Misleading?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urban Studies]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>2395-411</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castells]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Rise of the Network Society]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Basil Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Industrial Clusters in México, 1988-2002]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabellotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giuliani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clusters Facing Competition: The Importance of External Linkages]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>231-57</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hampshire ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ashgate]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Transiciones. La nueva formación territorial de la Ciudad de México]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dicken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Global Shift. The Internationalization of Economic Activity]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Guilford Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dicken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lloyd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Location in Space. Theoretical Perspectives in Economic Geography]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Collins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doussard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[After Deindustrialization: Uneven Growth and Economic Inequality in &#8216;Postindustrial&#8217; Chicago]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Geography]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>183-207</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duranton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diversity and Specialisation in Cities: Why, Where and When Does It Matter?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urban Studies]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>533-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esquivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De la inestabilidad macroeconómica al estancamiento estabilizador: el papel del diseño y la conducción de la política económica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lustig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los grandes problemas de México. Crecimiento económico y equidad]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>36-77</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fanjzylber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Competitividad internacional: evolución y lecciones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de la CEPAL]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<numero>36</numero>
<issue>36</issue>
<page-range>12-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial Economics. Issues and Perspectives]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MacMillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis de correspondencias]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La urbanización de México en el siglo XX]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Macroeconomía del sector servicios en la Ciudad de México 1960-2003]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giaoutzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nijkamp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Storey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Small and Medium-size Enterprises and Regional Development]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mariña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Formación de capital, productividad y costos. Relaciones generales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis Económico]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>20</numero>
<issue>20</issue>
<page-range>3-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El consenso de Washington en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación Económica]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<numero>207</numero>
<issue>207</issue>
<page-range>29-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El modelo mexicano de desarrollo: balance y perspectivas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[México en el mundo: inserción eficiente]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>218-48</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Porrúa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>INEGI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Banco de información económica]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kinnear]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[SPSS for Windows Made Simple. Release 10]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hove, Inglaterra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Psychology Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agnew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Geography of the World Economy]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Arnold]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kongar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is Deindustrialization Good for Women? Evidence from the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Feminist Economics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>73-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krugman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La competitividad económica: mitos y realidades]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Abierta]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krugman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[W.W. Norton and Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lever]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Knowledge Base, Research and Development and Regional Economic Policy: The US and UK Experience]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kresl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Strategies for Mature Industrial Economies]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>72-89</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cheltenham, Inglaterra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ben]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Geographic Concentration and Vertical Disintegration: Evidence from China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Urban Economics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>294-304</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malecki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Technology and Economic Development. The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Competitiveness]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Harlow ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Longman]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malecki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hard and Soft Networks for Urban Competitiveness]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urban Studies]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>929-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malizia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Influence of Economic Diversity on Unemploy-ment and Stability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Regional Science]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>221-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tokarik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Competitiveness Indicators: a Theoretical and Empirical Assessment]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Monetary Fund]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Massey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MacMillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montresor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vittucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Deindustrialisation / Tertiarisation Hypothesis Reconsidered: A Subsystem Application to the OECD7]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cambridge Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>401-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negrey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zickel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Industrial Restructuring and Regional Household Income Growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Regional Studies]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>103-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nickell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swaffield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Uneven Pace of Deindustrialisation in the OECD]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The World Economy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1154-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Donoghue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Relationship between Diversification and Growth: Some Evidence from the British Urban System 1978 to 1991]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Urban and Regional Research]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>549-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Four Sources of De-Industrialization and a New Concept of the Dutch Disease]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ocampo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>216-34</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis de datos multivariantes]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puyana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Apertura comercial y remuneraciones a los factores: la experiencia mexicana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Económicos]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>285-325</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richardson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Economics of Urban Size]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Saxon House]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Methods and Technics in Human Geography]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chichester ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley and Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De la crisis de la deuda a la estabilidad económica: un análisis de la congruencia de las políticas macroeconómicas en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Mexicana]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>263-304</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowthorn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Commentary: Deindustrialisation and the Balance of Payments in Advanced Economies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cambridge Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>767-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sassen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cities in a World Economy]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pine Forge Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schettkat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yocarini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Shift to Services Employment: a Review of the Literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Structural Change and Economic Dynamics]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>127-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schirato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Webb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Understanding Globalization]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scholte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Globalization. A Critical Introduction]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Sedesol</collab>
<collab>Conapo</collab>
<collab>INEGI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Secretaría de Desarrollo Social]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sobrino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic Structure and Business Organization in the Central Region of Mexico]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kresl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Strategies for Mature Industrial Economies]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>112-31</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cheltenham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sobrino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El Tratado de Libre Comercio y la competitividad urbana en América del Norte]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sobrino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Competitividad urbana. Una perspectiva global y para México]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>183-226</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Standback]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Understanding the Service Economy]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tregenna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterising Deindustrialisation: An Analysis of Changes in Manufacturing Employment and Output Internationally]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cambridge Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>433-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cities, Competition and Competitiveness: Identifying New Connections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Changing Cities]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>25-43</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vittucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segnana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomasi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global Sourcing and Business and Social Networks: Quality Heterogeneity and Firms&#8217; Efficiency]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dallago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giglielmetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Local Economies and Global Competitiveness]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Houndmills ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weintraub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[NAFTA at Three]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Center for Strategic and International Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Development and the Division of Labor]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Malden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
