<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0186-4866</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Medicina interna de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Med. interna Méx.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0186-4866</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edición y Farmacia S.A. de C.V.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0186-48662017000100048</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Fiebre en el paciente críticamente enfermo: ¿tratar o no tratar?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fever in critically ill patient: To treat or not to treat?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peniche-Moguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huanca-Pacaje]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calyeca-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,aff1  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,aff2  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Nacional Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Departamento de Medicina Crítica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana Estudiante de la Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Veracruz.]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>48</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0186-48662017000100048&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0186-48662017000100048&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0186-48662017000100048&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La fiebre es un signo común en la unidad de cuidados intensivos; implica el reto de descubrir su causa, por lo general refleja la existencia de infección, aunque puede tener origen no infeccioso o estar condicionada por síndromes de hipertermia. La Sociedad Americana de Enfermedades Infecciosas (IDSA, por sus siglas en inglés) y el Colegio Americano de Medicina en Cuidados Críticos definen la fiebre en pacientes críticamente enfermos como la temperatura igual o mayor a 38.3oC. La fiebre es una reacción fisiológica compleja de alguna enfermedad, mediada por el incremento de las citocinas y la generación de reactantes de fase aguda. Existen diferentes métodos para medir la temperatura y los médicos debemos saber el grado de precisión y las limitaciones de cada uno de ellos. En la unidad de cuidados intensivos, la temperatura corporal puede medirse mediante diversas técnicas, entre las que el catéter en la arteria pulmonar se considera el patrón de referencia. La fiebre en los pacientes críticamente enfermos puede clasificarse en tres categorías principales: síndromes de hipertermia, origen infeccioso y no infeccioso. Un episodio de temperatura mayor o igual a 38.3oC debe evaluarse. La historia clínica, el examen físico y las características de la fiebre (magnitud, duración, frecuencia y su relación con intervenciones diagnósticas o terapéuticas) son imprescindibles. Existe controversia en relación con el tratamiento de la fiebre; la evidencia actual le otorga un papel dual y opuesto, beneficios y perjuicios, de acuerdo con cada situación.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Fever is a common sign in the intensive care unit, this involves the challenge of discovering its cause, usually reflects the presence of infection, but may have no infectious origin or be conditioned by hyperthermia syndromes. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American College of Critical Care Medicine define fever in critically ill patients as temperature equal or greater than 38.3°C. Fever is a complex physiological reaction to a disease mediated increase of cytokines and generation of acute phase reactants. There are different methods to measure temperature; physicians should know the degree of accuracy and limitations of each. In the intensive care unit body temperature can be measured using different techniques among which the catheter in the pulmonary artery is considered the gold standard. Fever in critically ill patients can be classified into three main categories: hyperthermia syndromes, infectious origin and noninfectious. An episode of greater than or equal to 38.3°C temperature should be evaluated. The clinical history, physical examination and characteristics of fever (magnitude, duration, frequency and its relation to diagnostic or therapeutic interventions) are essential. There is controversy regarding the treatment of fever, current evidence gives a dual and opposite, benefits and harms, role depending on the situation.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fiebre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[unidad de cuidados intensivos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[origen infeccioso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[origen no infeccioso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tratamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fever]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[intensive care unit]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infectious]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non-infectious origin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[treatment]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Good and bad fever]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cavaillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Care]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>119</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fever in acute and critical care A diagnostic approach]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[AACN Adv Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>237-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fever in the critically ill medical patient]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laupland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>273-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fever in the critically ill a review of epidemiology, immunology, and management]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Léger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stelfox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laupland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>290-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hyperthermia following traumatic brain injury a critical evaluation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tkacs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saatman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raghupathi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McIntosh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neurobiol Dis]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>163-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical review fever in intensive care unit patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ryan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>221-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Molecular biology of thermoregulation invited review cytokine regulation of fever: studies using gene knockout mice]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Appl Physiol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<page-range>2648-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fever in the ICU]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<page-range>855-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Approach to the febrile patients in the ICU]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dimopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falagas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Dis Clin North Am]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>471-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Grady]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>1330-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Approach to the febrile patient in the ICU]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dimopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falagas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Dis Clin North Am]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>471-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnostic and prognostic implications of endotoxemia in critical illness results of the MEDIC study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vincent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>190</volume>
<page-range>527-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Low serum procalcitonin level accurately predicts the absence of bacteremia in adult patients with acute fever]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chirouze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuhmacher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>156-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Old and new biomarkers for predicting high and low risk microbial infection in critically ill patients with new onset fever a case for procalcitonin]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoeboer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van den Hul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>484-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Serial and panel analyses of biomarkers do not improve the prediction of bacteremia compared to one procalcitonin measurement]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tromp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lansdorp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bleeker-Rovers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>292-301</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changes in circulating procalcitonin versus C-reactive protein in predicting evolution of infectious disease in febrile, critically ill patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoeboer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groeneveld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>65564</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A composite score combining procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and temperature has a high positive predictive value for the diagnosis of intensive care-acquired infections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robriquet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Séjourné]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kipnis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D'herbomez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fourrier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>159</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Procalcitonin-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients with severe sepsis and septic shock-a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prkno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wacker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunkhorst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schlattmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>291</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is it worth treating fever in intensive care unit patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gozzoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schöttker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ricou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>121-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients a randomized, prospective study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Namias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doherty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Surg Infect (Larchmt)]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>369-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ibuprofen for the treatment of fever in critically ill and non-critically ill adults]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Promes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guntupalli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Care Forum]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>125</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment of the safety and feasibility of administering antipyretic therapy in critically ill adults study protocol of a randomized trial]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lager]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kubes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stelfox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laupland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>296-302</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antipyretic therapy in febrile critically ill adults a systematic review and metaanalysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stelfox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laupland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>303-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hypothermia and sepsis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Remick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xioa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Front Biosci]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>1006-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The pathogenesis and the adaptive value of fever]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soszynski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Postepy Hig Med Dosw]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>531-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of antipyretic medications on mortality in critically ill patients with infection a systematic review and metaanalysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jefferies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weatherall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eyers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Resusc]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>125-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early peak temperature and mortality in critically ill patients with or without infection]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saxena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beasley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>437-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Association of body temperature and antipyretic treatments with mortality of critically ill patients with and without sepsis multicentered prospective observational study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Inui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Forum]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Paracetamol therapy and outcome of critically ill patients a multicenter retrospective observational study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eastwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bailey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Care Forum]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>162</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Randomized trial of the effect of intravenous paracetamol on inflammatory biomarkers and outcome in febrile critically ill adults]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Honarmand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdollahi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Daru J Pharma Scien]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acetaminophen for fever in critically ill patients with suspected infection]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saxena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>373</volume>
<page-range>2215-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fever control using external cooling in septic shock a randomized controlled trial]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schortgen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clabault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katsahian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Respir Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>185</volume>
<page-range>1088-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A touch of cooling may help]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaaqoq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yende]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Forum]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>306</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Respective impact of lowering body temperature and heart rate on mortality in septic shock mediation analysis of a randomized trial]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schortgen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charles-Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouadma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>1800-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-infectious fever in the neurological intensive care unit incidence, causes and predictors]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>1278-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The epidemiology of spontaneous fever and hypothermia on admission of brain injury patients to intensive care units a multicenter cohort study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rincon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schorr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dellinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanotti-Cavazzoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurosurg]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<page-range>950-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Indicators of central fever in the neurologic intensive care unit]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hocker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Neurol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<page-range>1499-504</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-infectious fever in the neurological intensive care unit incidence, causes and predictors]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>1278-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fever and therapeutic normothermia in severe brain injury an update]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bohmana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levineb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>182-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hemphill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stroke]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>2032-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Connolly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carhuapoma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Derdeyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stroke]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>1711-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Critical care management of patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage recommendations from the Neurocritical Care Society's Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diringer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bleck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hemphill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neurocrit Care]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>211-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jauch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stroke]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>870-947</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Callaway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<page-range>315-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<collab>Brain Trauma Foundation</collab>
<collab>American Association of Neurological Surgeons</collab>
<collab>Congress of Neurological Surgeons</collab>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurotrauma]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>1-106</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hypothermia for intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sinclair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodriguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>373</volume>
<page-range>2403-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chinese head trauma data bank effect of hyperthermia on the outcome of acute head trauma patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurotrauma]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>96-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Indicators of central fever in the neurologic intensive care unit]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hocker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Neurol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<page-range>1499-504</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fever in adult ICUs an interrupted time series analysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stelfox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahpori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laupland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>1863-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Occurrence and outcome of fever in critically ill adults]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laupland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahpori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirkpatrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>1531-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pharmacotherapy of fever control among hospitalized adult patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laupland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Expert Opin Pharmacother]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>735-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis and management of temperature abnormality in ICUs a EUROBACT investigators' survey]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laupland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tabah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Care]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>289</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What's new with fever control in the ICU]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taccone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saxena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schortgen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>11471150</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
