<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1918</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. cienc. polít. soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1918</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-19182024000200079</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2024.251.82963</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Reelección presidencial y retroceso democrático en América Latina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Presidential Reelection and Democratic Regression in Latin America]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torrico Terán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>251</numero>
<fpage>79</fpage>
<lpage>115</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-19182024000200079&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-19182024000200079&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-19182024000200079&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La reelección presidencial ha sido históricamente polémica en América Latina. En la década de 1980 y a inicios de la de 1990 la regla predominante era que los presidentes solo podían optar por la reelección alterna. Sin embargo, desde mediados de los años noventa se sucedieron cambios constitucionales en algunos países para posibilitar la reelección inmediata e, incluso, una indefinida. Por otro lado, en los últimos quince años se observa un retroceso democrático en la región. ¿Hay relación entre ambos fenómenos? Analizando el periodo 1989-2020, este trabajo encuentra que la reelección inmediata y la indefinida siempre favorecen el retroceso democrático. En cambio, la reelección alterna es favorable al avance de la democracia y la prohibición de esta no muestra relación significativa. Esto da evidencia a favor de quienes advierten los riesgos de la perpetuación en el poder. También se encuentra que la calidad de las instituciones previene los retrocesos democráticos, pero tener ese tipo de instituciones toma tiempo. Estos hallazgos muestran que las constituciones políticas de los países deberían contemplar únicamente la reelección alterna y la no reelección. El cambio podría hacerse en corto plazo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Presidential reelection has historically been controversial in Latin America. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the predominant rule was that presidents could only opt for alternate reelection. However, since the mid-1990s, constitutional changes have taken place in some countries to make immediate and even indefinite reelection possible. On the other hand, in the last fifteen years, there has been a democratic decline in the region. Is there a relationship between both phenomena? Analyzing the period from 1989 to 2020, this work finds that immediate and indefinite reelection always favor democratic regression. On the other hand, alternate reelection is beneficial to the advancement of democracy and its prohibition does not show a significant relationship. This provides evidence in favor of those who warn of the risks of perpetuation in power. It is also found that the quality of institutions prevents democratic backsliding, but building such institutions takes time. These findings show that the political constitutions of the countries should only contemplate alternate reelection and non-reelection. The change could be made in the short term.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reelección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[presidentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[democracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[instituciones políticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reelection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[presidents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political institutions]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Attila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Corruption and quality of public institutions: evidence from Generalized Method of Moment]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CERDI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermeo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On Democratic Backsliding]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boix]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carles]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stokes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Endogenous Democratization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Politics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>517-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Reelection Debate in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>119-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carothers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The End of the Transition Paradigm]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coppedge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Politics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>247-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coppedge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[V-Dem Dataset]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Can Anyone Stop the President? Power Asymmetries and Term Limits in Latin America, 1984-2016]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>3-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penfold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Manipulating Term Limits in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>157-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Poliarquía. Participación y oposición]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tecnos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Campo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Esther]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Consuelo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El debate sobre la rendición de cuentas en las democracias: una propuesta de análisis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Huerta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villoria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gobernanza democrática y fiscalidad]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>56-86</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Tecnos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dosek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tomás]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reformas de reelección presidencial en América Latina en 2015: Estrategias e intereses electorales de las élites políticas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Derecho Electoral]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>57-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Freedom in the World Data and Resources]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Freedom House]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freidenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Flavia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camilo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La democracia en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Derecho Electoral]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>1-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haggard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaufman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Backsliding. Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamilton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexander]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Federalista]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FCE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kouba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Party Institutionalization and the Removal of Presidential Term Limits in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>433-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Banco de datos en línea]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latinobarómetro]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Way]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>51-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Way]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the cold war]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lijphart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arend]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelos de democracia. Formas de gobierno y resultados en treinta y seis países]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ariel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracia presidencial o parlamentaria ¿Qué diferencia implica?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[crisis del presidencialismo]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<page-range>25-143</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Seymour Martin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El hombre político, las bases sociales de la política]]></source>
<year>1960</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vergara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Delegative Democracy Revisited: Latin America&#8217;s Problems of Success]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>158-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maltz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gideon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The case for presidential term limits]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>128-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los principios del gobierno representativo]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Monty G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Polity 5. Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018 Dataset]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for Systemic Peace.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mechkova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valeriya]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lührmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindberget]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Staffan I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How Much Democratic Backsliding?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>162-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyerrose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Unintended Consequences of Democracy Promotion: International Organizations and Democratic Backsliding]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>10-11</numero>
<issue>10-11</issue>
<page-range>1547-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelos de regresión lineal múltiple]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Granada]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morlino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Observando las diferentes calidades de la democracia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Análisis Político y Administración Pública]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morlino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La calidad de las democracias en América Latina. Informe para IDEA Internacional]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IDEA Internacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negretto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Making Constitutions. Presidents, Parties, and Institutional Choice in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penfold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gonzalo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los Invencibles: La reelección presidencial y los cambios constitucionales en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>537-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Liñán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracia, Radicalización, y Agencia Política en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Debates]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>11-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bingham G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contemporary Democracies. Participation, Stability, and Violence]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Przeworski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracia y mercado]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Przeworski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheibub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Limongi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracy and Development. Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Przeworski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracy and the limits of self-government]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Uncertainty]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electoral Authoritarianism]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buchmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marlis C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política de la incertidumbre en los regímenes electorales autoritarios]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FCE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Liderazgo y Reelección Presidencial en la Argentina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo Económico]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>132</numero>
<issue>132</issue>
<page-range>565-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La reelección presidencial indefinida en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Instituciones, Ideas y Mercados]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>225-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew Soberg]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidents and assemblies: constitutional design and electoral dynamics]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frederick]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Science Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1183-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Theorizing Presidential Rotation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baturo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexander]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elgie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Presidential Term Limits]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>19-36</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torrealba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Venezuela gira a la derecha? De autoritarismo competitivo a autoritarismo a secas y de sobrerregulación a ajuste económico (2015-2020)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torrico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ciclo político de derecha en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>77-106</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Flacso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treminio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ilka]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las reformas a la reelección presidencial en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Sociológicos]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>91</numero>
<issue>91</issue>
<page-range>59-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treminio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ilka]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Llegaron para quedarse&#8230; Los procesos de reforma a la reelección presidencial en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>537-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lust]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ellen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>93-113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Bank</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World Development Indicators]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zakaria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fareed]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Rise of Illiberal Democracy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Affairs]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>22-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zovatto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La reforma político-electoral en América Latina 1978-2009. Evolución, situación actual, tendencias y efectos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Justicia Electoral]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>115-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
