<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1101</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de astronomía y astrofísica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. astron. astrofis]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1101</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-11012009000100009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[On the abundance enigma in lonized Regions]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bohigas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Astronomía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ensenada B. C.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>107</fpage>
<lpage>123</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-11012009000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-11012009000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-11012009000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En regiones ionizadas con gradientes y fluctuaciones de temperatura el cociente de la abundancia iónica determinada con una línea de recombinación entre la abundancia iónica encontrada con una línea de excitación colisional (CEL), o ADF, es menor a lo observado (ADF > 2). Mayores ADFs son posibles si hay otra componente > 30% más fría. La temperatura en la región fría es &#8776; 500, 200 y 100 K si el ADF encontrado de un línea IR <img border=0 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmaa/v45n1/a9s1.jpg">2, 5 y 10. La mayor parte de la masa está en la región caliente. La masa total de H+ se subestimó si fue determinada de la intensidad de una línea Balmer. Las imágenes de [O IIII]5007/H&#946; también muestran la distribución relativa de masa caliente y fría. La medición de abundancias se dificulta por la imposibilidad de separar la luz de las componentes fría y caliente, por la existencia de diversos conjuntos de abundancias y por la insuficiente información espectral de la región caliente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In ionized regions with temperature gradients and fluctuations, the ratio of the ion abundance obtained from a recombination line to that found from a collisionally excited line (CEL), or ADF, is smaller than observed (ADF > 2). Larger ADFs are found when there is an additional component that is > 30% colder. The temperature in the cold component must be &#8776; 500, 200 and 100 K if the ADF found from an IR CEL is <img border=0 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmaa/v45n1/a9s1.jpg">2, 5 and 10. Most of the mass is in the hot region. The total H+ mass has been underestimated if it was found from the intensity of a Balmer line. [O IIII]5007/H&#946; images can also render the relative distribution of cold and hot matter. The determination of accurate abundances is forestalled by the fact that observations cannot discriminate light from these components, the existence of distinct abundance sets and insufficient spectral information for the hot region.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ISM: abundances]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ISM: H II regions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ISM: planetary nebulae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[general]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><font size="4">On the abundance enigma in lonized Regions</font></b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>J. Bohigas</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Instituto de Astronom&iacute;a, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, Apdo. Postal 877, 22830 Ensenada, B. C., M&eacute;xico. (<a href="mailto:jbb@astrosen.unam.mx">jbb@astrosen.unam.mx</a>).</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received 2009 January 20    <br> Accepted 2009 February 20</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En regiones ionizadas con gradientes y fluctuaciones de temperatura el cociente de la abundancia i&oacute;nica determinada con una l&iacute;nea de recombinaci&oacute;n entre la abundancia i&oacute;nica encontrada con una l&iacute;nea de excitaci&oacute;n colisional (CEL), o ADF, es menor a lo observado (ADF <u>&gt;</u> 2). Mayores ADFs son posibles si hay otra componente <u>&gt;</u> 30% m&aacute;s fr&iacute;a. La temperatura en la regi&oacute;n fr&iacute;a es &#8776; 500, 200 y 100 K si el ADF encontrado de un l&iacute;nea IR  <img src="/img/revistas/rmaa/v45n1/a9s1.jpg"> 2, 5 y 10. La mayor parte de la masa est&aacute; en la regi&oacute;n caliente. La masa total de H<sup>+</sup> se subestim&oacute; si fue determinada de la intensidad de una l&iacute;nea Balmer.  Las im&aacute;genes de [O IIII]5007/H<i>&#946;</i> tambi&eacute;n muestran la distribuci&oacute;n relativa de masa caliente y fr&iacute;a.   La medici&oacute;n de abundancias se dificulta por la imposibilidad de separar la luz de las componentes fr&iacute;a y caliente, por la existencia de diversos conjuntos de abundancias y por la insuficiente informaci&oacute;n espectral de la regi&oacute;n caliente.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">In ionized regions with temperature gradients and fluctuations, the ratio of the ion abundance obtained from a recombination line to that found from a collisionally excited line (CEL), or ADF, is smaller than observed (ADF <u>&gt;</u> 2). Larger ADFs are found when there is an additional component that is <u>&gt;</u> 30% colder. The temperature in the cold component must be &#8776; 500, 200 and 100 K if the ADF found from an IR CEL is <img src="/img/revistas/rmaa/v45n1/a9s1.jpg"> 2, 5 and 10. Most of the mass is in the hot region. The total H<sup>+</sup> mass has been underestimated if it was found from the intensity of a Balmer line. [O IIII]5007/H<i>&#946;</i> images can also render the relative distribution of cold and hot matter. The determination of accurate abundances is forestalled by the fact that observations cannot discriminate light from these components, the existence of distinct abundance sets and insufficient spectral information for the hot region.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b><i>Key Words: </i></b>ISM: abundances &#151; ISM: H II regions &#151; ISM: planetary nebulae, general.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmaa/v45n1/v45n1a9.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCES</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Esteban, C., Peimbert, M., Torres&#150;Peimbert, &amp; Escalante, V. 1998, MNRAS, 295, 401</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=7426317&pid=S0185-1101200900010000900001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Esteban, C., Peimbert, M., Torres&#150;Peimbert, S., Garc&iacute;a&#150;Rojas, J., &amp; Rodr&iacute;guez, M. 1999, ApJS, 120, 113</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=7426318&pid=S0185-1101200900010000900002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Garc&iacute;a&#150;Rojas, J., Esteban, C., Peimbert, A., Rodr&iacute;guez, M., Peimbert, M., &amp; Ruiz, M. 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