<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1101</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de astronomía y astrofísica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. astron. astrofis]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1101</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-11012004000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Statistic reliability of the Meso-Nh atmospherical model for 3D C²N simulations]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masciadri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Max-Plank de Limnología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Plon Schleswig-Holstein]]></addr-line>
<country>Alemania</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Morelia Michoacán]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Astronomía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-11012004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-11012004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-11012004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The numerical technique is, at the present time, the only approach that can provide 3D C²N maps in a region around a telescope. Previous studies showed that the non-hydrostatic atmospherical Meso-Nh model can simulate reliable C²N vertical profiles. Recently, a new calibration technique for the model was proposed in order to improve the reliability of the simulations. In this paper we apply this technique to a sample of 10 nights of the San Pedro Mártir site testing campaign of May 2000 in order to study the statistical reliability. Measurements of the C²N profiles provided by different instruments are compared with simulations and the results are analysed statistically after the calibration. For the first time, the comparison between measurements and simulations is done considering the turbulence contributions provided by all the regions of the atmosphere (the boundary layer, the free atmosphere, and the surface layer) and by the dome of the telescope. Our results show that the dispersion between measurements and simulations is comparable to that obtained between measurements provided by different instruments (&#8804;30%). Suggestions are presented for improvements to be implemented in the Meso-Nh model.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La técnica numérica es, actualmente, la única metodología que puede proporcionar mapas en 3D C²N en una región alrededor de un telescopio. Estudios anteriores han demostrado que el modelo atmosférico no-hidrostático Meso-Nh puede simular perfiles verticales de C²N confiables. Recientemente, se ha propuesto una nueva técnica de calibración para el modelo para mejorar la confiabilidad de las simulaciones. Con el fin de estudiar la confiabilidad estadística, en este trabajo se aplica dicha técnica a una muestra de 10 noches de la campaña de estudio de sitio de San Pedro Mártir, llevada a cabo en mayo del 2000. Las medidas de los perfiles de C²N proporcionadas por diversos instrumentos se comparan con simulaciones y los resultados se analizan estadísticamente después de la calibración. Por primera vez, la comparación entre las medidas y las simulaciones se realiza considerando las contribuciones de la turbulencia proporcionadas por todas las regiones de la atmósfera (capa límite, atmósfera libre y capa superficial) y por la cúpula del telescopio. Los resultados demuestran que la dispersión entre las medidas y las simulaciones es comparable a la dispersión obtenida entre las medidas proporcionadas por diversos instrumentos (el error relativo para la campaña completa es &#8804;30% en ambos casos). Se presentan sugerencias para mejoras que se pueden implementar en el modelo Meso-Nh.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Atmospheric effects]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Methods]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Site testing]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Statistic reliability of the Meso&#45;Nh atmospherical model for 3D <i>C<sup>2</sup><sub>N</sub></i> simulations</b></font></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>E. Masciadri,<sup>1</sup> R. Avila,<sup>2,</sup><sup>3</sup> and L. J. S&aacute;nchez<sup>3</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <sup>1 </sup><i>Max&#45;Plank Institut f&uuml;r Astronomie, K&ouml;nigstuhl 17, D&#45;69117, Heidelberg, Germany</i> (<a href="mailto:masciadri@mpia-hd.mpg.de">masciadri@mpia&#45;hd.mpg.de</a>) </font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <sup>2</sup><i> Centro de Radioastronom&iacute;a y Astrof&iacute;sica, UNAM, Apartado Postal 72&#45;3, 58089, Michoac&aacute;n M&eacute;xico.</i> (<a href="mailto:r.avila@astrosmo.unam.mx">r.avila@astrosmo.unam.mx</a>) </font></p>       <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <sup>3</sup><i> Instituto de Astronom&iacute;a, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70&#45;264, 04510 M&eacute;xico, D. F., M&eacute;xico.</i> (<a href="mailto:leonardo@astroscu.unam.mx">leonardo@astroscu.unam.mx</a>) </font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received 2003 June 17     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     Accepted 2003 October 14.</font></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>  	     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The numerical technique is, at the present time, the only approach that can provide 3<i>D</i> C<sup>2</sup><sub>N</sub> maps in a region around a telescope. Previous studies showed that  the non&#45;hydrostatic atmospherical Meso&#45;Nh model can simulate reliable C<sup>2</sup><sub>N</sub> vertical profiles. Recently, a new calibration technique for the model was proposed in order to improve the reliability of the simulations. In this paper we apply this technique to a sample of 10 nights of the San Pedro M&aacute;rtir site testing campaign of May 2000 in order to study the statistical reliability. Measurements of the C<sup>2</sup><sub>N</sub> profiles provided by different instruments are compared with simulations and the results are analysed statistically after the calibration. For the first time, the comparison between measurements and simulations is done considering the turbulence contributions provided by all the regions of the atmosphere (the boundary layer, the free atmosphere, and the surface layer) and by the dome of the telescope. Our results show that the dispersion between measurements and simulations is comparable to that obtained between measurements provided by different instruments (&#8804;30%). Suggestions are presented for improvements to be implemented in the Meso&#45;Nh model. </font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key Words:</b> Atmospheric effects, &#151; Methods: numerical &#151; Site testing</font>.</p> 	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>              <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b> </font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La t&eacute;cnica num&eacute;rica es, actualmente, la &uacute;nica metodolog&iacute;a que puede proporcionar mapas en 3<i>D</i> C<sup>2</sup><sub>N</sub> en una regi&oacute;n alrededor de un telescopio. Estudios anteriores han demostrado que el modelo atmosf&eacute;rico no&#45;hidrost&aacute;tico Meso&#45;Nh puede simular perfiles verticales de C<sup>2</sup><sub>N</sub> confiables. Recientemente, se ha propuesto una nueva t&eacute;cnica de calibraci&oacute;n para el modelo para mejorar la confiabilidad de las simulaciones. Con el fin de estudiar la confiabilidad estad&iacute;stica, en este trabajo se aplica dicha t&eacute;cnica a una muestra de 10 noches de la campa&ntilde;a de estudio de sitio de San Pedro M&aacute;rtir, llevada a cabo en mayo del 2000. Las medidas de los perfiles de C<sup>2</sup><sub>N</sub> proporcionadas por diversos instrumentos se comparan con simulaciones y los resultados se analizan estad&iacute;sticamente despu&eacute;s de la calibraci&oacute;n. Por primera vez, la comparaci&oacute;n entre las medidas y las simulaciones se realiza considerando las contribuciones de la turbulencia proporcionadas por todas las regiones de la atm&oacute;sfera (capa l&iacute;mite, atm&oacute;sfera libre y capa superficial) y por la c&uacute;pula del telescopio. Los resultados demuestran que la dispersi&oacute;n entre las medidas y las simulaciones es comparable a la dispersi&oacute;n obtenida entre las medidas proporcionadas por diversos instrumentos (el error relativo para la campa&ntilde;a completa es &#8804;30% en ambos casos). Se presentan sugerencias para mejoras que se pueden implementar en el modelo Meso&#45;Nh. </font></p> 	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>          	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmaa/v40n1/v40n1a1.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>    	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> We thank P. Bougeault for kindly supplying CPU time on the VPP5000 supercomputer of Meteo France. We are indebted to J. Vernin's group from Nice University and M. Gizard (Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques &#45; Meteo France, Toulouse &#45; France) for participating in the observing campaign with their instruments (GS, balloons, mast). This work was supported by the CONACYT grant J32412E and the DGAPA grant IN118199.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCES</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Avila, R., Vernin, J., &#38; Masciadri E. 1997, Appl. 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