<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2025000300575</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.3124</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La centralización del clientelismo en México en el sexenio de Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The centralization of clientelism in Mexico in the six year term of Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Langston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joy K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>575</fpage>
<lpage>616</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2025000300575&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2025000300575&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2025000300575&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El artículo examina cómo el presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) logró centralizar varios aspectos del clientelismo en México durante su sexenio (2018-2024). En este periodo, también conocido como la Cuarta Transformación (4T), hubo una profunda centralización de la intermediación e intercambio clientelar desde el nivel de las colonias y comunidades con el gobierno federal. La transformación del ámbito clientelar fue una decisión intencional del presidente para cortar el vínculo entre políticos subnacionales, sus intermediarios y los votantes, y focalizar la atención hacia el Ejecutivo federal. Un instrumento para lograr esta centralización fue el de los Servidores de la Nación, un grupo de aproximadamente 20,000 funcionarios federales quienes ayudaron, informaron y afiliaron a millones de mexicanos a los padrones de los programas sociales, dejando claro que había sido el presidente quien proveía los bienes de este esfuerzo. A la vez, los Servidores llevaron a cabo actividades político-electorales en varias elecciones, ayudando al partido Morena a quedarse en el gobierno seis años más.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article examines how President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) centralized various aspects of clientelism in Mexico during his six-year term in office (2018-2024). During this period, also known as the Fourth Transformation (4T), one sees a profound centralization of intermediation and clientelist exchange from the level of neighborhoods to the federal executive. One of the instruments used to achieve this was the Servants of the Nation, a group of approximately 20,000 federal employees who helped inform and affiliate millions of Mexicans to several federal social programs, making it clear that the president of the nation provided these goods. At the same time, the Servants also undertook (at the behest of their leaders) political and electoral tasks in several elections, supporting Morena and its candidates to remain in government six more years.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clientelismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[intermediación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[programas sociales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[transformación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[centralización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[clientelism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[intermediation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social programs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[transformation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[centralization]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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