<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0065-1737</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta zoológica mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Zool. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0065-1737</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ecología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0065-17372010000500027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Influencia del vermicompost en el crecimiento de las plantas: Aportes para la elaboración de un concepto objetivo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Influence of vermicompost on plant growth: Contributions toward the development of an objective concept]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOMÍNGUEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAZCANO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-BRANDÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Vigo Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>spe2</numero>
<fpage>359</fpage>
<lpage>371</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0065-17372010000500027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0065-17372010000500027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0065-17372010000500027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la adición de humus de lombriz a los sustratos de cultivo tiene efectos beneficiosos sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de gran cantidad de especies vegetales. Los mecanismos a través de los que se produce esta estimulación incluyen el aporte de nutrientes, la mejora de las propiedades físicas del sustrato y el aporte de microorganismos beneficiosos para el desarrollo vegetal capaces de aumentar la disponibilidad de nutrientes y producir sustancias con efectos fitohormonales. En los últimos años se ha dedicado un importante esfuerzo a la investigación de estos efectos hormonales, y más concretamente al papel de las sustancias húmicas como portadoras de sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGRs). Sin embargo, la existencia de efectos discordantes en la literatura pone de manifiesto la necesidad de abrir nuevas vías de investigación así como de definir de forma más objetiva y clara el concepto de vermicompost.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Many studies have shown that the addition of vermicompost to plant growing media has beneficial effects on growth and development of a wide range of plant species. Some of the proposed mechanisms involved in this growth stimulation are: nutrient release, enhancement of physical properties of the substrates and inoculation of beneficial microorganisms with the ability to increase the solubility of essential nutrients for plant growth and produce plant growth promoting substances. In the last years research efforts have been centered in the investigation of these hormonal effects and, more precisely, on the role of humic substances as carriers of these plant growth regulating substances (PGRs). However, the existence of conflicting results in the literature evidences the need for new research lines and definition of a clear and objective concept of vermicompost.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento vegetal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rizosfera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microorganismos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sustancias húmicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agroecología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fertilizantes orgánicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Plant growth regulating substances]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rhizosphere]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microorganisms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[humic substances]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[agro-ecology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[organic fertilizers]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culos originales</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Influencia del vermicompost en el crecimiento de las plantas. Aportes para la elaboraci&oacute;n de un concepto objetivo</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Influence of vermicompost on plant growth. Contributions toward the development of an objective concept</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Jorge DOM&Iacute;NGUEZ, Cristina LAZCANO &amp; Mar&iacute;a G&oacute;mez&#150;BRAND&Oacute;N</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Departamento de Ecolog&iacute;a y Biolog&iacute;a Animal. Universidad de Vigo. Vigo E&#150;36310, Espa&ntilde;a. E&#150;mail:</i> <a href="mailto:jdguez@uvigo.es">jdguez@uvigo.es</a>, <a href="mailto:cristina@uvigo.es">cristina@uvigo.es</a>, <a href="mailto:mariagomez@uvigo.es">mariagomez@uvigo.es</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido: 16/05/2008.    <br> Aceptado: 08/01/2010.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la adici&oacute;n de humus de lombriz a los sustratos de cultivo tiene efectos beneficiosos sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de gran cantidad de especies vegetales. Los mecanismos a trav&eacute;s de los que se produce esta estimulaci&oacute;n incluyen el aporte de nutrientes, la mejora de las propiedades f&iacute;sicas del sustrato y el aporte de microorganismos beneficiosos para el desarrollo vegetal capaces de aumentar la disponibilidad de nutrientes y producir sustancias con efectos fitohormonales. En los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os se ha dedicado un importante esfuerzo a la investigaci&oacute;n de estos efectos hormonales, y m&aacute;s concretamente al papel de las sustancias h&uacute;micas como portadoras de sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGRs). Sin embargo, la existencia de efectos discordantes en la literatura pone de manifiesto la necesidad de abrir nuevas v&iacute;as de investigaci&oacute;n as&iacute; como de definir de forma m&aacute;s objetiva y clara el concepto de vermicompost.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave: </b>Sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento vegetal, rizosfera, microorganismos, sustancias h&uacute;micas, agroecolog&iacute;a, fertilizantes org&aacute;nicos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Many studies have shown that the addition of vermicompost to plant growing media has beneficial effects on growth and development of a wide range of plant species. Some of the proposed mechanisms involved in this growth stimulation are: nutrient release, enhancement of physical properties of the substrates and inoculation of beneficial microorganisms with the ability to increase the solubility of essential nutrients for plant growth and produce plant growth promoting substances. In the last years research efforts have been centered in the investigation of these hormonal effects and, more precisely, on the role of humic substances as carriers of these plant growth regulating substances (PGRs). However, the existence of conflicting results in the literature evidences the need for new research lines and definition of a clear and objective concept of vermicompost.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words: </b>Plant growth regulating substances, rhizosphere, microorganisms, humic substances, agro&#150;ecology, organic fertilizers.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Efectos de las lombrices en la fertilidad de los suelos</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los efectos beneficiosos de las lombrices de tierra en la fertilidad del suelo se conocen desde hace tiempo. A lo largo de los &uacute;ltimos cincuenta a&ntilde;os, han sido numerosos los ejemplos que han demostrado que tanto en poblaciones naturales, como en poblaciones introducidas artificialmente, las lombrices pueden tener efectos significativos sobre el crecimiento vegetal. Los ejemplos m&aacute;s relevantes han sido ilustrados en los trabajos de Lee (1985), Edwards <i>et al. </i>(1995), Edwards &amp; Bohlen (1996), Edwards (1998) y Brown <i>et al. </i>(1999). Otros trabajos como los de van Rhee (1965), Atlavinyte (1974), Edwards &amp; Lofty (1976, 1980), Atlavinyte &amp; Vanagas (1982) y Stephens &amp; Davoren (1995), demuestran que la adici&oacute;n de lombrices al suelo produce un incremento en el crecimiento de varias especies de cereales en zonas templadas. M&aacute;s recientemente mediante una serie de experimentos de campo, se ha demostrado que la inoculaci&oacute;n de lombrices en terrenos agr&iacute;colas tropicales puede tener tambi&eacute;n efectos notables sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento vegetal (Spain <i>et al. </i>1992, Brown <i>et al. </i>1999, Lavelle &amp; Spain 2001).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Entre los efectos beneficiosos de las lombrices se incluyen la mejora de algunas propiedades f&iacute;sicas del suelo como la estructura (Jongmans <i>et al. </i>2003), la turbaci&oacute;n (Edwards 1998), la capacidad de retenci&oacute;n de agua, el drenaje y la formaci&oacute;n y degradaci&oacute;n de agregados (Edwards &amp; Bohlen 1996), as&iacute; como efectos qu&iacute;micos y biol&oacute;gicos en la degradaci&oacute;n de la materia org&aacute;nica y en el ciclado de nutrientes (Edwards &amp; Bohlen 1996, Edwards 1998). Todos estos procesos contribuyen de forma fundamental a la fertilidad del suelo y por lo tanto al crecimiento vegetal y a la productividad de los cultivos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A pesar de que los microorganismos constituyen una fuente muy importante de alimento para las lombrices (Edwards &amp; Fletcher 1988), la biomasa de bacterias, hongos y actinomicetes suele ser mayor en las deyecciones frescas de las lombrices que en el suelo circundante (Edwards &amp; Bohlen 1996). Estos aumentos podr&iacute;an deberse al incremento en las poblaciones microbianas tras el paso por el intestino de las lombrices, bien debido a que el alimento que seleccionan constituye un sustrato m&aacute;s rico para el desarrollo microbiano, o bien por que la fragmentaci&oacute;n de la materia org&aacute;nica en sus molleja incrementa la superficie disponible para el ataque microbiano (Dkhar &amp; Mishra 1986, Tiwari &amp; Mishra 1993). Se ha demostrado adem&aacute;s que las lombrices pueden incrementar la actividad y la biomasa microbiana del suelo (Schindler&#150;Wessels <i>et al. </i>1996). Existen numerosas evidencias cient&iacute;ficas que demuestran que las lombrices estimulan considerablemente la descomposici&oacute;n de la materia org&aacute;nica, tanto durante el paso a trav&eacute;s de sus intestinos como en el proceso de envejecimiento de las deyecciones (Scheu 1987, Daniel &amp; Anderson 1992, Aira <i>et al. </i>2003, 2007).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La aceleraci&oacute;n de la descomposici&oacute;n de la materia org&aacute;nica inducida por las lombrices de tierra, especialmente las epigeas, ha sido aprovechada para el tratamiento de residuos org&aacute;nicos como residuos animales, agr&iacute;colas, urbanos e industriales y su transformaci&oacute;n en fertilizantes org&aacute;nicos. Las lombrices se encargan de fraccionar el sustrato org&aacute;nico estimulando la actividad microbiana e incrementando las tasas de mineralizaci&oacute;n, de forma que el residuo org&aacute;nico se transforma r&aacute;pidamente en un substrato humificado cuya textura y tama&ntilde;o de part&iacute;cula son mucho m&aacute;s finas que las de los compost termof&iacute;licos tradicionales. Estos procesos han sido detallados por Edwards (1998) y Dom&iacute;nguez (2004).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">De la misma forma que hay estudios que ponen de manifiesto los efectos positivos de las lombrices sobre el suelo y las plantas, tambi&eacute;n hay bastantes estudios que demuestran que el empleo de vermicompost puede producir tambi&eacute;n efectos positivos, evidenciando as&iacute; los efectos indirectos de las lombrices sobre las plantas.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os, y debido a la creciente demanda de productos de agricultura ecol&oacute;gica en el mercado, se ha producido un incremento considerable en la producci&oacute;n y la aplicaci&oacute;n de este tipo de abonos org&aacute;nicos. Al mismo tiempo tambi&eacute;n ha aumentado la investigaci&oacute;n acerca de los posibles efectos beneficiosos sobre el crecimiento vegetal y los mecanismos responsables. Este art&iacute;culo presenta una revisi&oacute;n de las evidencias cient&iacute;ficas de los efectos del vermicompost en el crecimiento de las plantas con el fin de aportar una visi&oacute;n global y objetiva y contribuir al desarrollo de nuevas v&iacute;as de investigaci&oacute;n.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Efectos del vermicompost en el crecimiento de las plantas</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se ha demostrado que la adici&oacute;n del vermicompost a los suelos y sustratos de cultivo incrementa considerablemente el crecimiento y la productividad de una gran cantidad de cultivos hort&iacute;colas tales como el tomate (Atiyeh <i>et al. </i>1999, Atiyeh <i>et al. </i>2000a, Atiyeh <i>et al. </i>2000b, Atiyeh <i>et al. </i>2001, Hashemimajd <i>et al. </i>2004, Guti&eacute;rrez&#150;Miceli <i>et al. </i>2007, Steffen <i>et al., </i>ese n&uacute;mero), la lechuga (Steffen <i>et al., </i>ese n&uacute;mero), los pimientos (Arancon <i>et al. </i>2004a), los ajos (Arg&uuml;ello <i>et al. </i>2006), las fresas (Arancon <i>et al. </i>2004b), algunas plantas medicinales (Prabha <i>et al. </i>2007), algunas leguminosas como el garbanzo verde (Karmegam <i>et al. </i>1999), algunas gram&iacute;neas como el sorgo (Reddy &amp; Ohkura 2004, Sunil <i>et al. </i>2005) y el arroz (Bhattacharjee <i>et al. </i>2001), algunas hierbas arom&aacute;ticas como la albahaca (Anwar <i>et al. </i>2005), algunos frutales como el pl&aacute;tano (Cabanas Echevarria <i>et al. </i>2005) y la papaya (Acevedo &amp; Pire 2004), y algunas plantas ornamentales como los geranios (Chand <i>et al. </i>2007), los tajetes (Atiyeh <i>et al. </i>2002a), las petunias (Arancon <i>et al. </i>2008), los crisantemos (Hidalgo &amp; Harkess 2002a) y las flores de pascua (Hidalgo &amp; Harkess 2002b).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A diferencia de los fertilizantes minerales, el vermicompost constituye una fuente de nutrientes de liberaci&oacute;n lenta, que se van poniendo a disposici&oacute;n de la planta a medida que &eacute;sta los va necesitando (Chaoui <i>et al. </i>2003). Adem&aacute;s, la adici&oacute;n de vermicompost puede producir una mejora significativa en las propiedades f&iacute;sicas tanto de los sustratos artificiales de cultivo (Hidalgo &amp; Harkess 2002a, b) como del suelo (Marinari <i>et al., </i>2000, Atiyeh <i>et al., </i>2001, Bhattacharjee <i>et al., </i>2001, Ferreras <i>et al., </i>2006).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Por otra parte la aparici&oacute;n de otros trabajos ha puesto de manifiesto que los efectos del vermicompost podr&iacute;an no reducirse a los meramente f&iacute;sicos y/o qu&iacute;micos y se&ntilde;alan la posible existencia de mecanismos biol&oacute;gicos de estimulaci&oacute;n del crecimiento vegetal. Scott (1988) observ&oacute; que la adici&oacute;n de peque&ntilde;as dosis de vermicompost al medio de cultivo de las especies ornamentales <i>Chaemocyparis lawsonian, Elaeagnus pungens, Cuppressocypari leylandii, Phyracantha </i>spp., <i>Cotoneaster conspicus </i>y <i>Viburnum bodnantense </i>produc&iacute;a incrementos significativos en el crecimiento respecto a un medio control suplementado con una dosis de nutrientes equivalente. Edwards &amp; Burrows (1988) se&ntilde;alaron que el crecimiento de varias especies ornamentales, cultivadas en los sustratos originados tras el procesamiento de residuos org&aacute;nicos por la especie de lombriz <i>Eisenia fetida, </i>fue mucho mayor de lo esperable para ser causado &uacute;nicamente por la modificaci&oacute;n en la disponibilidad de nutrientes por la acci&oacute;n de las lombrices. Se&ntilde;alaron adem&aacute;s que estos efectos se manten&iacute;an a&uacute;n cuando el vermicompost era diluido en proporci&oacute;n 20:1 con otros materiales de cultivo, y el contenido de nutrientes era igualado al de los fertilizantes minerales. Adem&aacute;s, el patr&oacute;n de crecimiento de las plantas, que inclu&iacute;a alteraciones en el desarrollo foliar, en la elongaci&oacute;n de la ra&iacute;z y del tallo, y floraci&oacute;n, apuntaba a la posible existencia de alg&uacute;n factor biol&oacute;gico distinto al del aporte de nutrientes, como la producci&oacute;n de sustancias capaces de influenciar el crecimiento vegetal (&aacute;cidos h&uacute;micos, enzimas libres), como responsables de estos efectos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Producci&oacute;n de sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento vegetal</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Parece claro que la r&aacute;pida descomposici&oacute;n de los residuos org&aacute;nicos que llevan a cabo las lombrices con los microorganismos, da lugar a sustratos con una actividad y diversidad microbianas considerablemente mayores que las del residuo de partida, lleg&aacute;ndose a multiplicar varias veces los valores iniciales (Aira <i>et al. </i>2007). Este incremento de la actividad microbiana adem&aacute;s de aumentar la tasa de transformaci&oacute;n de nutrientes a formas m&aacute;s f&aacute;cilmente asimilables por las plantas, puede afectar al crecimiento vegetal mediante el incremento en la actividad enzim&aacute;tica, la supresi&oacute;n de enfermedades y la producci&oacute;n de sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento, &oacute; PGRs (Plant Growth Regulating Substances) como se ha venido demostrando &uacute;ltimamente.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A lo largo de los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os se han aportado gran cantidad de pruebas que demuestran que los microorganismos, incluyendo algas, levaduras, actinomicetos, hongos y bacterias son capaces de producir PGRs tales como auxinas, giberelinas, citoquininas, etileno y &aacute;cido absc&iacute;sico en cantidades apreciables (Arshad &amp; Frankemberger 1993, Frankemberger &amp; Arshad 1995). Muchos de los microorganismos que se pueden encontrar en la rizosfera son capaces de producir tales sustancias (Vessey 2003). Barea <i>et al. </i>(1976) encontraron que de 50 cepas bacterianas aisladas de la rizosfera de distintas especies vegetales, un 86% era capaz de producir auxinas, un 58% giberelinas, y un 90% sustancias con actividad kinetina. Existen gran cantidad de trabajos que demuestran la producci&oacute;n de sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento vegetal por poblaciones mixtas de microorganismos del suelo, pero sin embargo existe poca informaci&oacute;n acerca de su disponibilidad para las plantas, su persistencia y degradaci&oacute;n en el suelo, as&iacute; como de sus efectos en el crecimiento vegetal (Arshad &amp; Frankemberger 1993, Frankemberger &amp; Arshad 1995).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Algunos trabajos demuestran que las sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento vegetal pueden ser tomadas por las plantas en cantidades suficientes como para producir cambios en su crecimiento. Algunos ejemplos incluyen el aumento del crecimiento de gram&iacute;neas por auxinas producidas por <i>Azospirillum brasilense </i>(Kucey 1983, Barbieri <i>et al. </i>1986) o la promoci&oacute;n del crecimiento de la ca&ntilde;a de az&uacute;car por auxinas producidas por rizobacterias del g&eacute;nero <i>Enterobacter </i>(Mirza <i>et al. </i>2001). Existe una evidencia creciente de que las giberelinas de origen microbiano pueden alterar el crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal. Recientemente, Guti&eacute;rrez&#150;Ma&ntilde;ero <i>et al. </i>(2001) demostraron que determinados extractos de las rizobacterias <i>Bacillus pumilus </i>y <i>Bacillus licheniformis </i>conten&iacute;an giberelinas capaces de estimular el crecimiento de mutantes enanos de alisos. Por otra parte, el incremento en el vigor de las pl&aacute;ntulas de algunas especies vegetales ha sido atribuido a la producci&oacute;n de citoquininas por los microorganismos <i>Arthrobacter </i>y <i>Bacillus </i>spp. en el suelo (Inbal &amp; Feldman 1982, Jagnow 1987).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se ha sugerido que las lombrices podr&iacute;an ser agentes importantes capaces de influenciar la producci&oacute;n de sustancias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal por los microorganismos mediante la estimulaci&oacute;n y promoci&oacute;n de la actividad microbiana tanto en suelos como en sustratos org&aacute;nicos (Nielson 1965, Springett &amp; Syers 1979, Graf &amp; Makeschin 1980, Tomati <i>et al. </i>1983, Grappelli <i>et al. </i>1987, Dell'Agnola &amp; Nardi 1987, Nardi <i>et al. </i>1988, Tomati <i>et al. </i>1987, 1988, 1990, Tomati &amp; Galli 1995). Krishnamoorty &amp; Vajranabhiah (1986) demostraron, mediante experimentos llevados a cabo con varias poblaciones de lombrices, que siete de las especies estudiadas eran capaces de incrementar la producci&oacute;n de auxinas y citoquininas en residuos org&aacute;nicos. Adem&aacute;s mostraron que exist&iacute;a una fuerte correlaci&oacute;n entre las poblaciones de lombrices y la cantidad de auxinas y citoquininas encontradas en 10 suelos de cultivo diferentes. Estos autores se&ntilde;alaron que ambas sustancias pod&iacute;an persistir en el suelo hasta 10 semanas, aunque pod&iacute;an ser degradadas en pocos d&iacute;as si eran expuestas a la luz solar.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Existen otros autores que sostienen que las lombrices son las responsables de la producci&oacute;n de sustancias con efecto hormonal. El primero en sugerir esta teor&iacute;a fue Gavrilov (1963), y esta teor&iacute;a fue reforzada por la primera prueba de la presencia de PGRs en tejidos de <i>Aporrectodea caliginosa, Lumbricus rubellus, </i>y <i>E. fetida, </i>aportada por Nielson (1965), el cual aisl&oacute; sustancias ind&oacute;licas de las lombrices y observ&oacute; un incremento significativo en el crecimiento de plantas de guisante debido a la adici&oacute;n de extractos de las lombrices. Nielson extrajo adem&aacute;s una sustancia de las especies <i>Aporrectodea longa, Lumbricus terrestris, </i>y <i>Dendrobaena rubidus, </i>capaz de estimular el crecimiento vegetal; sin embargo, sus experimentos no exclu&iacute;an la posibilidad de que dichas sustancias procediesen de los microorganismos existentes en el intestino y tejidos de las lombrices.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Graff &amp; Makeschin (1980) estudiaron los efectos de sustancias producidas por <i>L. terrestris, A. caliginosa </i>y <i>E. fetida </i>en la producci&oacute;n de biomasa de la ballica <i>(Lolium </i>sp.). A&ntilde;adieron los lixiviados del riego de macetas que conten&iacute;an lombrices a macetas sin lombrices, y concluyeron que ciertas sustancias capaces de influenciar el crecimiento vegetal, &oacute; PGIs (Plant Growth Influencing Substances), hab&iacute;an sido liberadas en el suelo por las tres lombrices, aunque no siguieron especulando acerca de la naturaleza de estas sustancias. M&aacute;s recientemente, El Harti <i>et al. </i>(2001a, 2001b) mostraron que un extracto bruto de la lombriz <i>L. terrestris </i>era capaz de estimular la rizog&eacute;nesis en semillas de haba debido a la presencia de compuestos ind&oacute;licos de origen end&oacute;geno. Tomati <i>et al. </i>(1983, 1987, 1988), Tomati <i>et al. </i>(1990), Grapelli <i>et al. </i>(1987) y Tomati &amp; Galli (1995) observaron que los incrementos en el crecimiento de varias especies ornamentales y champi&ntilde;ones al aplicar vermicompost de diferentes especies eran mucho mayores de lo que cab&iacute;a esperar por el mero aporte de nutrientes contenidos en las dosis de humus aportadas. Adem&aacute;s los efectos sobre el crecimiento inclu&iacute;an la estimulaci&oacute;n del enraizado, cambios en el tiempo de floraci&oacute;n y el alargamiento de los entrenudos. Mediante la comparaci&oacute;n del crecimiento de <i>Begonia, Petunia </i>y <i>Coleus, </i>tras la adici&oacute;n de extractos acuosos de vermicompost o auxinas, giberelinas y citoquininas, concluyeron que exist&iacute;a gran evidencia de efectos hormonales originados por la actividad de las lombrices.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>El papel de las sustancias h&uacute;micas como estimuladoras del crecimiento vegetal</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El vermicompost originado a partir de residuos ganaderos, restos de comida, lodos de depuradora &oacute; lodos de la industria papelera, contiene gran cantidad de sustancias h&uacute;micas (Atiyeh <i>et al. </i>2002b, Canellas <i>et al. </i>2002, Arancon <i>et al. </i>2002). Los estudios realizados acerca de los efectos de estas sustancias sobre el crecimiento vegetal, bajo condiciones de nutrici&oacute;n mineral adecuada, han mostrado resultados muy positivos (Chen &amp; Aviad 1990, Hayes &amp; Wilson 1997). Las sustancias h&uacute;micas incrementaron de forma significativa la producci&oacute;n de biomasa de pl&aacute;ntulas de ma&iacute;z y avena (Lee &amp; Bartlett 1976, Albuzio <i>et al. </i>1994), el n&uacute;mero y la longitud de ra&iacute;ces en plantas de tabaco (Mylonas &amp; Mccants 1980), la biomasa de tallos, ra&iacute;ces y n&oacute;dulos en soja, cacahuete, y tr&eacute;bol (Tan &amp; Tantiwiramanond 1983), el crecimiento vegetativo en plantas de chicoria (Valdrighi <i>et al. </i>1996) y la inducci&oacute;n de la formaci&oacute;n de tallos y ra&iacute;ces de ciertos cultivos tropicales en cultivo in vitro (Goenadi &amp; Sudharama 1995). El tratamiento de c&eacute;lulas de zanahoria con sustancias h&uacute;micas extra&iacute;das de las deyecciones de <i>A. rosea </i>aument&oacute; el crecimiento celular e indujo cambios morfol&oacute;gicos similares a los inducidos por las auxinas (Muscolo <i>et al. </i>1999).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La adici&oacute;n de sustancias h&uacute;micas a los sustratos de cultivo produce una curva de crecimiento t&iacute;pica de una respuesta hormonal. A concentraciones bajas, el aporte de sustancias h&uacute;micas produce un incremento proporcional en el crecimiento de la planta, mientras que a concentraciones mayores se observa una disminuci&oacute;n del crecimiento. Este mismo patr&oacute;n se ha observado tras la adici&oacute;n de vermicompost a sustratos de cultivo fertilizados con cantidades abundantes de los nutrientes esenciales (Atiyeh <i>et al. </i>1999, 2000a, b, c, d).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os se ha investigado la actividad biol&oacute;gica de las sustancias h&uacute;micas, especialmente de las derivadas de las deyecciones de las lombrices de tierra (Dell'Agnola &amp; Nardi 1987, Nardi <i>et al. </i>1988, Muscolo <i>et al. </i>1993). Las sustancias h&uacute;micas est&aacute;n formadas por asociaciones supramoleculares de mol&eacute;culas org&aacute;nicas relativamente peque&ntilde;as agrupadas principalmente por enlaces hidrof&oacute;bicos. Estos complejos moleculares pueden disociarse dando lugar a fracciones de mayor &oacute; menor peso molecular. Se ha comprobado que la actividad biol&oacute;gica se encuentra ligada a las fracciones de menor peso molecular (Dell'Agnolla &amp; Nardi 1987) que son las que m&aacute;s f&aacute;cilmente se absorben y alcanzan la pared celular de las plantas (Nardi <i>et al. </i>2002). Estas fracciones, en las que se han encontrado adsorbidas ciertas fitohormonas como el &aacute;cido indol ac&eacute;tico (Quaggiotti <i>et al. </i>2004, Canellas <i>et al. </i>2002), son capaces de inducir la formaci&oacute;n y el crecimiento de ra&iacute;ces laterales por medio de la activaci&oacute;n de las bombas de H<sup>+</sup>&#150;ATPasa de la membrana celular y de las vacuolas (Canellas <i>et al. </i>2002, Zandonadi <i>et al. </i>2006), as&iacute; como de incrementar la absorci&oacute;n de nutrientes como los nitratos, mediante la activaci&oacute;n de la trascripci&oacute;n de genes responsables de su transporte y metabolismo (Quaggiotti <i>et al. </i>2004).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Apuntes cr&iacute;ticos y necesidades futuras en la investigaci&oacute;n del efecto del vermicompost en el crecimiento vegetal</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A la luz de estas evidencias cient&iacute;ficas parece bastante claro que el vermicompost es un complejo constituido por una amalgama de deyecciones de lombriz (incluyendo metabolitos propios de las especies utilizadas), materia org&aacute;nica humificada y microorganismos, cuya adici&oacute;n a los medios de cultivo es capaz de incrementar la germinaci&oacute;n, el crecimiento, la floraci&oacute;n, la fructificaci&oacute;n y la resistencia a pat&oacute;genos de una gran cantidad de especies vegetales. Esta estimulaci&oacute;n en el desarrollo y crecimiento podr&iacute;a estar causada por la acci&oacute;n de varios mecanismos tales como el aporte gradual de nutrientes, la mejora de las propiedades f&iacute;sicas del sustrato y el aporte de microorganismos beneficiosos para el desarrollo vegetal capaces de aumentar la disponibilidad de nutrientes y de producir una diversa gama de sustancias con acci&oacute;n hormonal.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Algunos trabajos recientes muestran que los efectos del vermicompost pueden variar dependiendo de la especie vegetal considerada e incluso de la variedad (Zaller 2007), as&iacute; como del material de partida, proceso de producci&oacute;n del vermicompost, tiempo de almacenamiento, y tipo de sustrato al que se vaya a incorporar (Rodda <i>et al. </i>2006, Roberts <i>et al. </i>2007). Adem&aacute;s Lores <i>et al. </i>(2006) demostraron que en funci&oacute;n de la especie de lombriz empleada y del residuo de partida, las comunidades microbianas originadas tras el vermicompostaje eran diferentes, lo que podr&iacute;a implicar distintas capacidades para estimular el crecimiento de las plantas.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A pesar de que la mayor parte de las investigaciones desarrolladas hasta el momento se han centrado en el estudio de los efectos hormonales, estas evidencias cient&iacute;ficas ponen de manifiesto la complejidad de las interacciones vermicompost&#150;planta as&iacute; como la ausencia de un concepto claro y objetivo de vermicompost. El desarrollo de investigaciones en este sentido supondr&iacute;a una contribuci&oacute;n importante tanto para la agricultura ecol&oacute;gica, acusada de graves carencias cient&iacute;ficas (Trewavas 2001), como para la ecolog&iacute;a del suelo, permitiendo desenmara&ntilde;ar algo m&aacute;s la compleja trama de las relaciones entre las plantas y el suelo.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>AGRADECIMIENTOS</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Este trabajo fue apoyado por la Xunta de Galicia (07MRU023383PR). Cristina Lazcano ha sido financiada por una beca de la Fundaci&oacute;n "La Caixa". Mar&iacute;a G&oacute;mez&#150;Brand&oacute;n ha sido financiada por una beca FPU del Ministerio Espa&ntilde;ol de Educaci&oacute;n y Ciencia.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>LITERATURA CITADA</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acevedo, I. C. &amp; R. Pire. </b>2004. Effects of vermicompost as substrate amendment on the growth of papaya <i>(Caricapapaya </i>L.). <i>Interciencia. </i>29(5): 274&#150;279.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374190&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Aira, M., F. Monroy &amp; J. Dom&iacute;nguez. </b>2003. Effects of two species of earthworms <i>(Allolobophora </i>spp.) on soil systems: a microfaunal and biochemical analysis. <i>Pedobiologia. </i>47: 877&#150;881.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374192&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Aira, M., F. Monroy &amp; J. Dom&iacute;nguez. </b>2007. Earthworms strongly modify microbial biomass and activity triggering enzymatic activities during vermicomposting independently of the application rates of pig slurry. <i>Science of the Total Environment. </i>385: 252&#150;261</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374194&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Albuzio, A., G. Concheri, S. Nardi &amp; G. Dell'Agnola. </b>1994. Effect of humic fractions of different molecular size on the development of oat seedlings grown in varied nutritional conditions. Pp. 199-204. In: N. Senesi and T. M. Mianom (Eds.). <i>Humic substances in the global environment and implications on human health. </i>Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374195&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Anwar, M., D. D. Patra, S. Chand, A. Kumar, A. A. Naqvi &amp; S. P. S. Khanuja. </b>2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. <i>Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. </i>36(1&#150;14): 1737&#150;1746.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374197&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Arancon, N. Q., C. A. Edwards, A. Babenko, J. Cannon, P. Galvis &amp; J. D. Metzger. </b>2008. Influences of vermicomposts, produced by earthworms and microorganisms from cattle manure, food waste and paper waste, on the germination, growth and flowering of petunias in the greenhouse. <i>Applied Soil Ecology. </i>39: 91&#150;99.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374199&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Arancon, N. Q., C. A. Edwards, P. Bierman, C. Welch, &amp; J. D. Metzger. </b>2004b. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. effects on growth and yields. <i>Bioresource Technology. </i>93: 145&#150;153.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374201&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Arancon, N. Q., C. E. Edwards, R. M. Atiyeh &amp; J. D. Metzger. </b>2004a. Effects of vermicompost produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. <i>Bioresource Technology. </i>93: 139&#150;144.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374203&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Arancon, N. Q., S. Lee, C. A. Edwards &amp; R. M. Atiyeh. </b>2002. Effects of humic acids and aqueous extracts derived from cattle, food and paper&#150;waste vermicomposts on growth of greenhouse plants. <i>Pedobiologia. </i>47: 741&#150;744.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374205&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Arg&uuml;ello, J. A., A. Ledesma, S. B. N&uacute;&ntilde;ez, C. H. Rodr&iacute;guez &amp; M D. C. D&iacute;az Goldfarb. </b>2006. Vermicompost effects on bulbing dynamics nonstructural carbohydrate content, yield, and quality of 'Rosado Paraguayo' garlic bulbs. <i>Hortscience. </i>41(3): 589&#150;592.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374207&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Arshad, M., &amp; W. T. Frankenberger Jr. </b>1993. Microbial production of plant growth regulators. Pp. 307&#150;347. <i>In: </i>F. B. Metting Jr. (Ed.). <i>Soil microbial ecology: applications in agricultural and environmental management. </i>Marcell Dekker, New York.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374209&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Atiyeh, R. M., N. Arancon, C. A. Edwards &amp; J. D. Metzger. </b>2000b. Influence of earthworm&#150;processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. <i>Bioresource Technology. </i>75: 175&#150;180.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374211&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Atiyeh, R. M., N. Arancon, C. A. Edwards &amp; J. D. Metzger. </b>2002a. The influence of earthworm&#150;processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. <i>Bioresource Technology. </i>81: 103&#150;108.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374213&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Atiyeh, R. M., J. Dominguez, S. Subler &amp; C. A. Edwards. </b>2000c. Biochemical changes in cow manure processed by earthworms <i>(Eisenia andrei) </i>and their effects on plant&#150;growth. <i>Pedobiologia. </i>44: 709&#150;724</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374215&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Atiyeh, R. M., C. A. Edwards, S. Subler &amp; J. Metzger. </b>2000d. 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Pig manure vermicompost as a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: Effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. <i>Bioresource Technology. </i>78: 11&#150;20.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=374218&pid=S0065-1737201000050002700016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Atiyeh, R. M., S. Lee, C. A. Edwards, N. Q. Arancon &amp; J. D. Metzger. </b>2002b. 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