Joint optical–electrical technique for noninvasive glucose monitoring

E. Guevara and F.J. González*

Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2da. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México, Fax: +524448250198; Tel: +524448250183 ext 232, * e–mail: javier.gonzalez@uaslp.mx

Recibido el 26 de mayo de 2010 ]]> Aceptado el 7 de septiembre de 2010

Abstract

In Diabetes mellitus, self monitoring of blood glucose is crucial for effective treatment since it can help identify and prevent unwanted periods of hypo– and hyperglycemia; this monitoring procedure usually involves finger–stick testing which is painful to the patient and carries the risk of infection. Non–invasive techniques, including impedance and near infrared spectroscopy, have been developed to predict glucose concentration; however, these techniques have not reached the accuracy needed for glucose monitoring. In this work a new concept which involves the combination of two spectroscopic measurements, electrical impedance spectroscopy and near infrared spectroscopy, is developed to decrease the prediction error of single–measurement non–invasive glucose monitoring systems. Electrical impedance and near infrared spectroscopy measurements were performed under controlled temperature and humidity conditions on ten non–diabetic volunteers (age 26.1 ± 3.7 years, BMI 25.24 ± 3.67 kg/m²). The results show that all of the values predicted by the joint optical–electrical technique were clinically acceptable and the root mean squared error of prediction, which in this study was compared to a commercial glucose meter, is lower than previously published values for near infrared spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy done separately.

Keywords: Non–invasive glucose monitoring; optical spectroscopy; electrical spectroscopy.

Resumen

En la Diabetes mellitus el monitoreo de glucosa sanguínea es crucial para el tratamiento efectivo de esta enfermedad principalmente para identificar y prevenir periodos de hipo– e hiperglucemia. Este procedimiento de monitoreo generalmente involucra la obtención de sangre por medio de una lanceta, un método que es doloroso y acarrea la posibilidad de generar infecciones. Las técnicas no–invasivas, como la espectroscopía en el cercano infrarrojo y la espectroscopía de impedancia eléctrica han sido exploradas para predecir la concentración de glucosa, desafortunadamente estas técnicas no han alcanzado la precisión necesaria para el monitoreo efectivo de glucosa sanguínea. En este trabajo se presenta un nuevo concepto que consiste en la combinación de dos tipos de mediciones espectroscópicas, espesctroscopía de impedancia eléctrica y espectroscopía en el cercano infrarrojo, con el objeto de reducir el error en la predicción no invasiva de glucosa. Las mediciones fueron tomadas en condiciones controladas de temperatura y humedad a diez voluntarios no–diabéticos (edad 26.1 ± 3.7 arios, BMI 25.24 ± 3.67 kg/m²). Los resultados indican que los valores predictivos de la técnica conjunta óptica–eléctrica son clínicamente aceptables y el error de predicción, obtenido utilizando un glucómetro comercial, es menor que los publicados anteriormente utilizando únicamente una sola técnica espectroscópica.

Descriptores: Monitoreo no–invasivo de glucosa; espectroscopía óptica; espectroscopía de impedancia eléctrica.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by SEP, CONACyT and FÓMIX–SLP, through grants PROMEP /103.5/04/1386, FMSLP–2008–C01–87127 and CB–2006–60349.

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