<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2007000900011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[PIXE analysis of the obsidian support of two paintings from the Louvre by Murillo]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calligaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiappero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.-J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gendrón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonthier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meslay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poupeau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Paris ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Museum National d 'Histoire Naturelle Dep. Histoire de la Terre ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Paris ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Museum National d 'Histoire Naturelle Institut de Paléontologie Humaine Dep. de Préhistoire]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Paris ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Musée du Louvre Département des peintures ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Paris ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Université Bordeaux Institut de Recherche sur les Archéomaiériaux ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Pessac ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Edo. Méx.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000900011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000900011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000900011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The very unusual black backings of two paintings by the Spanish master Murillo (1617-1682) representing Passion Scenes, on display at the Louvre museum, have been analyzed by PIXE with the AGLAE facility of the C2RMF. The support proved to be obsidian, a natural volcanic glass widely employed to produce archeological artefacts, in particular in South and Meso-América. Five archeological artifacts with similar shape to the paintings called "obsidian mirrors", originating from México and belonging to the collections of the Musée de l'Homme in Paris, have been analyzed and the composition of four of them showed to be very similar to Murillo's obsidians. The comparison with the results obtained on reference obsidian samples from Mexican sources and with data from the literature by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) suggested that the Ucareo/Zinapécuaro, Michoacán, México is the source of the obsidian employed for the paintings. A field trip to this area was therefore organized to collect samples whose natural slab shape and chemical composition confirmed the Ucareo provenance hypothesis. The rectangular backing of Murillo's paintings are unlikely archaeological artefacts but rather objects specially made after the Spanish conquest by Mesoamerican craftsmen, among which some were exported to Europe where Murillo spent all his life. The observation, in the walls of the church and other Christian monuments in Ucareo, of obsidian inlays, a material of particular significance in the pre-Hispanic culture, underlines the complex intrication of native culture and European influences which are also carried by Murillo's paintings. Meanwhile, a third painting on obsidian by Murillo as been identified in the Museum of Fine Arts of Houston, Texas, U.S.A. This study also points out that even if the ranges of elements dosed by PIXE and INAA do not fully overlap, the measurements obtained by both techniques can be efficiently used for provenancing obsidians objects.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Los inusuales soportes negros de dos pinturas representando Escenas de la Pasin del maestro español Murillo (1617-1682), expuestas en el Museo del Louvre, han sido analizadas por PIXE en las instalaciones AGLAE del C2RMF. El soporte mostr ser obsidiana, un vidrio volcánico ampliamente empleado para producir artefactos arqueológicos, en particular en Sur y Mesoamérica. Se han analizado cinco artefactos arqueolgicos originarios de México, con forma similar a las pinturas llamados "espejos de obsidiana" y pertenecientes a la colección del Musée de l 'homme en París, se encontró que la composición de cuatro de ellos es muy similar a las obsidianas de Murillo. La comparación con los resultados obtenidos en muestras referencia de obsidianas de fuentes mexicanas y con datos de la literatura por activación neutrónica instrumental (INAA) sugiere que la fuente de las obsidianas empleadas para la pintura es Ucareo/ Zinapécuaro, Michoacán, en México. Por lo tanto, se organiza un viaje de estudios a ésta área para colectar muestras cuya forma natural en bloque y composición química confirmaran la hipotesis de la procedencia de Ucareo. Los soportes rectangulares de las pinturas de Murillo son improbablemente artefactos arqueológicos, son más bien objetos especialmente hechos por los artesanos mesoamericanos después de la conquista española, algunos de ellos fueron exportados a Europa, donde Murillo pasa toda su vida. La observación en las paredes de las iglesias y otros monumentos cristianos en Ucareo de incrustaciones de obsidiana, un material de importancia particular en la cultura prehispanica, subraya la compleja intrincación de la cultura natal y las influencias europeas que también son llevadas por las pinturas de Murillo. Mientras tanto, en el Museo de las Bellas Artes de Houston, Texas, U.S.A. ha sido identificada una tercera pintura sobre obsidiana de Murillo. Este estudio también indica que incluso si el rango de elementos cuantificados por PIXE e INAA no se superpone completamente, las medidas obtenidas por ambas técnicas pueden ser usadas eficientemente para determinar la procedencia de objetos de obsidiana.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PIXE]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[INAA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[obsidian]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[provenance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[paintings]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Murillo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mesoamérica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PIXE]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[INAA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[obsidiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[procedencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pinturas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Murillo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mesoamérica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>PIXE analysis of the obsidian support of two paintings from the Louvre by Murillo</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>T. Calligaro&ordf;<sup> ,</sup>*, P.-J. Chiappero<sup>b</sup>, F. Gendr&oacute;n<sup>c</sup>, E. Gonthier<sup>c</sup>, O. Meslay<sup>d</sup>, G. Poupeau<sup>e</sup>, and D. Tenorio<sup>f</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&ordf; <i>Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Mus&eacute;es de France, </i><i>CNRS UMR 171, 14 quai Fran&ccedil;ois Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>b </sup>Dep. Histoire de la Terre, Museum National d 'Histoire Naturelle, </i><i>USM201, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. </i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>c </sup>Dep. de Pr&eacute;histoire, Institut de Pal&eacute;ontologie Humaine, Museum National d 'Histoire Naturelle, </i><i>1 rue Panhard, 75013 Paris, France.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i> <sup>d</sup> D&eacute;partement des peintures, Mus&eacute;e du Louvre, </i><i>75001 Paris, France.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>e</sup> Institut de Recherche sur les Arch&eacute;omai&eacute;riaux, UMR 5060 CNRS-Universit&eacute; Bordeaux 3, Maison de l'Arch&eacute;ologie, Esplanade des Antilles, 33607, Pessac, France.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i> <sup>f</sup> Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, km 36 carretera M&eacute;xico-Toluca, CP 52045, Edo. M&eacute;x., M&eacute;xico</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>* Corresponding author:</b>     <br>   Address: 14 quai Fran&ccedil;ois Mitterrand,     <br>   75001 PARIS - FRANCE.     <br>   Telephone/Fax: + 33 1 40 20 54 13 / +33 1 47 03 32 46.    <br> Email: <a href="mailto:thomas.calligaro@culture.gouv.fr">thomas.calligaro@culture.gouv.fr</a>     <br> Acknowledge will be sent to this address.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="verdana">Recibido el 2 de marzo de 2006    <br>   Aceptado el 18 de agosto de 2006</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The very unusual black backings of two paintings by the Spanish master Murillo (1617-1682) representing Passion Scenes, on display at the Louvre museum, have been analyzed by PIXE with the AGLAE facility of the C2RMF. The support proved to be obsidian, a natural volcanic glass widely employed to produce archeological artefacts, in particular in South and Meso-Am&eacute;rica. Five archeological artifacts with similar shape to the paintings called "obsidian mirrors", originating from M&eacute;xico and belonging to the collections of the <i>Mus&eacute;e de l'Homme </i>in Paris, have been analyzed and the composition of four of them showed to be very similar to Murillo's obsidians. The comparison with the results obtained on reference obsidian samples from Mexican sources and with data from the literature by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) suggested that the Ucareo/Zinap&eacute;cuaro, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico is the source of the obsidian employed for the paintings. A field trip to this area was therefore organized to collect samples whose natural slab shape and chemical composition confirmed the Ucareo provenance hypothesis. The rectangular backing of Murillo's paintings are unlikely archaeological artefacts but rather objects specially made after the Spanish conquest by Mesoamerican craftsmen, among which some were exported to Europe where Murillo spent all his life. The observation, in the walls of the church and other Christian monuments in Ucareo, of obsidian inlays, a material of particular significance in the pre-Hispanic culture, underlines the complex intrication of native culture and European influences which are also carried by Murillo's paintings. Meanwhile, a third painting on obsidian by Murillo as been identified in the Museum of Fine Arts of Houston, Texas, U.S.A. This study also points out that even if the ranges of elements dosed by PIXE and INAA do not fully overlap, the measurements obtained by both techniques can be efficiently used for provenancing obsidians objects.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>PIXE; INAA; obsidian; provenance; paintings; Murillo; Mesoam&eacute;rica.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los inusuales soportes negros de dos pinturas representando Escenas de la Pasin del maestro espa&ntilde;ol Murillo (1617-1682), expuestas en el Museo del Louvre, han sido analizadas por PIXE en las instalaciones AGLAE del C2RMF. El soporte mostr ser obsidiana, un vidrio volc&aacute;nico ampliamente empleado para producir artefactos arqueol&oacute;gicos, en particular en Sur y Mesoam&eacute;rica. Se han analizado cinco artefactos arqueolgicos originarios de M&eacute;xico, con forma similar a las pinturas llamados "espejos de obsidiana" y pertenecientes a la colecci&oacute;n del <i>Mus&eacute;e de l 'homme </i>en Par&iacute;s, se encontr&oacute; que la composici&oacute;n de cuatro de ellos es muy similar a las obsidianas de Murillo. La comparaci&oacute;n con los resultados obtenidos en muestras referencia de obsidianas de fuentes mexicanas y con datos de la literatura por activaci&oacute;n neutr&oacute;nica instrumental (INAA) sugiere que la fuente de las obsidianas empleadas para la pintura es Ucareo/ Zinap&eacute;cuaro, Michoac&aacute;n, en M&eacute;xico. Por lo tanto, se organiza un viaje de estudios a &eacute;sta &aacute;rea para colectar muestras cuya forma natural en bloque y composici&oacute;n qu&iacute;mica confirmaran la hipotesis de la procedencia de Ucareo. Los soportes rectangulares de las pinturas de Murillo son improbablemente artefactos arqueol&oacute;gicos, son m&aacute;s bien objetos especialmente hechos por los artesanos mesoamericanos despu&eacute;s de la conquista espa&ntilde;ola, algunos de ellos fueron exportados a Europa, donde Murillo pasa toda su vida. La observaci&oacute;n en las paredes de las iglesias y otros monumentos cristianos en Ucareo de incrustaciones de obsidiana, un material de importancia particular en la cultura prehispanica, subraya la compleja intrincaci&oacute;n de la cultura natal y las influencias europeas que tambi&eacute;n son llevadas por las pinturas de Murillo. Mientras tanto, en el Museo de las Bellas Artes de Houston, Texas, U.S.A. ha sido identificada una tercera pintura sobre obsidiana de Murillo. Este estudio tambi&eacute;n indica que incluso si el rango de elementos cuantificados por PIXE e INAA no se superpone completamente, las medidas obtenidas por ambas t&eacute;cnicas pueden ser usadas eficientemente para determinar la procedencia de objetos de obsidiana.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>PIXE; INAA; obsidiana; procedencia; pinturas; Murillo; Mesoam&eacute;rica. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS:  82.80.Ej;91.65.Rg;91.65.Nd</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v53s3/v53s3a11.pdf">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF </a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgements</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">We gratefully acknowledge the skilful operation of the accelerator and the design and machining of external beam components by B. Moignard. Many thanks to L. Pichon for the development of the data acquisition and spectrum processing systems. The authors wish to thank M. Glascock, Missouri University, for providing the Sierra de Pachuca sample and Ms P.C. Guti&eacute;rrez for the translation of the abstract in Spanish.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. F. Gendron, E. Gonthier, and O. Meslay, <i>Arch&eacute;ologia, </i><b>370 </b>(2000) 6.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8338640&pid=S0035-001X200700090001100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. O. 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