<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2006000600010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Noise measurements on optical detectors]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Instituto de Investigación en Comunicación Óptica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Luis Potosí SLP]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>550</fpage>
<lpage>554</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000600010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000600010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000600010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The main figure of merit for detectors whose output consists of an electrical signal that is proportional to the radiant signal power is the normalized detectivity D*, which is directly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio (S N R). In order to have an accurate value for the signal-to-noise ratio of an optical detector, the noise level of the measurement system and the bias circuit should be small compared to the noise of the device under test. In this paper a low-noise setup to make noise measurements on optical detectors is analyzed and characterized for the specific case of an antenna-coupled microbolometer. The noise floor of the setup was calculated and measured at about 1.3 nV <img border=0 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmf/v52n6/a10s1.jpg">, which gives detector-noise-limited measurements for microbolometers with resistances as low as 200 &#937;. This measurement setup was used to characterize the noise of a 200 &#937; antenna-coupled microbolometer made out of chrome. Measurements showed two 1/ &#402;k components in this particular device.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El parámetro principal para caracterizar detectores cuya salida consiste en una señal eléctrica proporcional a la potencia luminosa incidente es la detectividad (D*), que depende directamente de la relación señal-ruido (S N R). Con el objeto de obtener un valor preciso para la relación señal-ruido de cualquier tipo de detectores ópticos, se debe cuidar que el nivel de ruido del sistema de medición y el circuito de polarización sean pequeños en comparación con el ruido del dispositivo que se está caracterizando. En este trabajo se presenta un sistema de caracterización con un nivel bajo de ruido que puede ser utilizado para analizar y caracterizar cualquier tipo de detectores ópticos. Este sistema fue probado específicamente en microbolómetros acoplados a antenas. El ruido del sistema fue medido en 1.3 nV/ <img border=0 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmf/v52n6/a10s1.jpg">lo que permite realizar mediciones en microboló metros con resistencias tan bajas como 200 &#937;. Este sistema de medición fue utilizado para caracterizar el ruido de un microbolómetro de cromo acoplado a una antena y que presentaba una resistencia de 200 &#937;. Las mediciones sobre este dispositivo en particular mostraron dos componentes 1/ &#402;k en el espectro de ruido obtenido.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antenna-coupled detectors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microbolometers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[noise measurements]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[optical detectors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[amplifier design]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Detectores acoplados a antenas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microbolómetros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ruido electrónico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[detectores ópticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diseño de amplificadores]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Instrumentaci&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Noise measurements on optical detectors</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>F.J. Gonz&aacute;lez</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Instituto de Investigaci&oacute;n en Comunicaci&oacute;n &Oacute;ptica, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de San Luis Potos&iacute;, &Aacute;lvaro Obreg&oacute;n 64, San Luis Potos&iacute;, SLP, M&eacute;xico, Tel.: +52 (444) 825-0183 ext 232; fax: +52 (444) 825-0198., e-mail address: <a href="mailto:javier@cactus.iico.uaslp.mx">javier@cactus.iico.uaslp.mx</a></i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 21 de agosto de 2006     <br> Aceptado el 28 de noviembre de 2006</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The main figure of merit for detectors whose output consists of an electrical signal that is proportional to the radiant signal power is the normalized detectivity <i>D*, </i>which is directly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio <i>(S N R). </i>In order to have an accurate value for the signal-to-noise ratio of an optical detector, the noise level of the measurement system and the bias circuit should be small compared to the noise of the device under test. In this paper a low-noise setup to make noise measurements on optical detectors is analyzed and characterized for the specific case of an antenna-coupled microbolometer. The noise floor of the setup was calculated and measured at about 1.3 nV  <img src="/img/revistas/rmf/v52n6/a10s1.jpg">, which gives detector-noise-limited measurements for microbolometers with resistances as low as 200 &Omega;. This measurement setup was used to characterize the noise of a 200 &Omega; antenna-coupled microbolometer made out of chrome. Measurements showed two 1/ &fnof;<sup><i>k</i></sup> components in this particular device.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:  </b>Antenna-coupled detectors; microbolometers; noise measurements; optical detectors; amplifier design.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El par&aacute;metro principal para caracterizar detectores cuya salida consiste en una se&ntilde;al el&eacute;ctrica proporcional a la potencia luminosa incidente es la detectividad <i>(D*), </i>que depende directamente de la relaci&oacute;n se&ntilde;al-ruido <i>(S N R). </i>Con el objeto de obtener un valor preciso para la relaci&oacute;n se&ntilde;al-ruido de cualquier tipo de detectores &oacute;pticos, se debe cuidar que el nivel de ruido del sistema de medici&oacute;n y el circuito de polarizaci&oacute;n sean peque&ntilde;os en comparaci&oacute;n con el ruido del dispositivo que se est&aacute; caracterizando. En este trabajo se presenta un sistema de caracterizaci&oacute;n con un nivel bajo de ruido que puede ser utilizado para analizar y caracterizar cualquier tipo de detectores &oacute;pticos. Este sistema fue probado espec&iacute;ficamente en microbol&oacute;metros acoplados a antenas. El ruido del sistema fue medido en 1.3 nV/ <img src="/img/revistas/rmf/v52n6/a10s1.jpg"> lo que permite realizar mediciones en microbol&oacute; metros con resistencias tan bajas como 200 &Omega;. Este sistema de medici&oacute;n fue utilizado para caracterizar el ruido de un microbol&oacute;metro de cromo acoplado a una antena y que presentaba una resistencia de 200 &Omega;. Las mediciones sobre este dispositivo en particular mostraron dos componentes 1/ &fnof;<sup><i>k</i></sup> en el espectro de ruido obtenido.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>Detectores acoplados a antenas; microbol&oacute;metros; ruido electr&oacute;nico; detectores &oacute;pticos; dise&ntilde;o de amplificadores.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 01.50.Kw; 07.50.Hp; 07.57.Kp</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v52n6/v52n6a10.pdf">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgments</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">F. J. Gonz&aacute;lez acknowledges the support of SEP, UASLP-FAI and CONACyT through grants PROMEP /103.5/04/1386, C05-FAI-10-20.41 and FMSLP-2005-C01-28, respectively.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. C.R. Pollock, <i>Fundamentals of Optoelectronics </i>(Irwin, 1995).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321403&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. A. Rogalski, <i>Infrared Detectors </i>(Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 2000).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321404&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. F.J. Gonz&aacute;lez, C. Fumeaux, J. Alda, and G.D. Boreman, <i>Microwave Opt Technol Lett. </i><b>26</b> (2000) 291.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321405&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. F.J. Gonz&aacute;lez, M.A. Gritz, C. Fumeaux, and G.D. Boreman, <i>Int. J. of Infrared and Millimeter Waves </i><b>23</b> (2002) 785.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321406&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. F.J. Gonz&aacute;lez and G.D. Boreman, <i>Infrared Phys &amp; Tech 46 </i>(2005) 418.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321407&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. R.C. Jones, <i>Performance of detectors for visible and infrared radiation </i>of Advances in Electronics (Academic Press, 1952) Vol. 5.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321408&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. R.C. Jones, <i>Proc. IRE </i><b>47</b> (1959) 1495.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321409&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. C.D. Motchenbacher and F.C. Fitchen, <i>Low Noise Electronic Design </i>(John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1973).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321410&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">9. Linear Technology, LT1028 Datasheet, National Semiconductor, 2001.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8321411&pid=S0035-001X200600060001000009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> ]]></body><back>
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