<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2006000500005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Calibración de polvo TLD-100 para energías de 60Co, 137Cs, 192Ir y RX de 250, 50 k Vp en dosis absorbida en agua con fines de control de calidad dosimétrico para braquiterapia de alta tasa de dosis]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loaiza Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Programa de Maestría en Física Médica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Toluca Edo. de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares Departamento de Metrología Laboratorio Secundario de Calibración Dosimétrica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ocoyoacac Edo. de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>413</fpage>
<lpage>421</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Para ayudar a la solución de los problemas de trazabilidad y control de calidad dosimétrico a usuarios de fuentes de 192Ir en la República Mexicana, el Laboratorio Secundario de Calibración Dosimétrica (LSCD) del ININ calibra un lote de polvo TLD-100 (LiF:Mg,Ti) en términos de dosis absorbida en agua Dw para las siguientes fuentes de radiación: 60Co, 137Cs y RX de 250 y 50 kVp. Posteriormente, se hace una interpolación para la calibración del 192Ir. La calibración de los campos de radiación se hace con los siguientes protocolos: 60Co, protocolo OIEA-TRS 398 empleando una camara patrón secundario PTW N30013 calibrada en Dw por el NRC (Canadá); 137Cs, protocolo AAPM TG43, en términos de la intensidad de herma Sk; determinado mediante el kerma en aire Ka, el cual es medido con una cámara de ionización tipo dedal patrón secundario NE2611 trazable al NIST (USA); RX de 250 y 50 kVp, protocolo AAPM TG 61 usando una cámara Farmer patrón terciario PTW 30001 con trazabilidad al LCIE (Francia) en términos de Ka. Las curvas de calibración se construyen para la respuesta del TLD R TLDvs Dw, ajustándolas por mínimos cuadrados pesados mediante un polinomio de segundo grado que considera la supralinealidad de la respuesta. Las curvas se validan por falta de ajuste y por la prueba de normalidad Anderson Darling. Posteriormente, se interpolan los factores de sensibilidad (Fs) para las fuentes de 192Ir: MicroSelectron y VariSource. Se envía un par de cápsulas a dos hospitales para verificar una Dw nominal de 2 Gy. En un caso se obtuvo una subestimación en la Dw y en otro una sobreestimación. Finalmente, se evalua la incertidumbre expandida asociada a la Dw y a los Fs.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[To help solve the traceability and quality control dosimetric problems for the users of 192Ir sources in the Mexican Republic, the Secondary Standard Dosimetric Laboratory at ININ to calibrated a batch of powder TLD-100 (LiF:Mg,Ti) in terms of absorbed dose to water Dw for the following radiation sources: 60Co, 137Cs and RX 250 and 50 kVp. Later on, the calibration is interpolated to obtain the 192Ir. The calibration radiation field is carried out with the following protocols: For the 60Co, OIEA TRS 398 protocol employing a secondary standard Farmer chamber PTW N30013, calibrated on Dw at the NRC (Canada). For 137Cs the AAPM TG 43 protocol is used, in terms of air kerma strength Sk determined by the air kerma Ka measured with a secondary standard chamber type thimble NE2611 traceable to the NIST (USA). For Rays X 250 and 50 kVp, the protocol AAPM TG 61 using a tertiary standard Farmer chamber PTW 30001, with traceability to the LCIE (France) on air kerma Ka. The calibration curves are built for the TLD response R TLD vs Dw, they are fitted by means of a least squares fit technique with a second degree polynomial that corrects the supralinearity response. The curves are validated by the lack of fit test, and the Anderson Darling normality test. Later on, the sensibility factors are interpolated for the sources of 192Ir: MicroSelectron and VariSource. Two capsules are sent to two hospitals to verify a nominal Dw = 2 Gy, in the first one an underestimate of the Dw is obtained, and in other one an overestimation is presented. Finally, the expanded uncertainty associated to Dw and the Fs are calculated.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dosimetría TLD]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[TLD-100]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[braquiterapia HDR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dosis absorbida en agua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[192Ir]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[TL Dosimetry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[TLD-100]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Brachytherapy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HDR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[absorbed dose to water]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[192Ir]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Calibraci&oacute;n de polvo TLD&#150;100 para energ&iacute;as de <sup>60</sup>Co, <sup>137</sup>Cs, <sup>192</sup>Ir y RX de 250, 50 k Vp en dosis absorbida en agua con fines de control de calidad dosim&eacute;trico para braquiterapia de alta tasa de dosis</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>S.P. Loaiza Calder&oacute;n*, <b>J.T. &Aacute;lvarez Romero**</b></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>* Programa de Maestr&iacute;a en F&iacute;sica M&eacute;dica,  Universidad Aut&oacute;noma del Estado de M&eacute;xico,  Paseo Tollocan S/N, esquina con Jes&uacute;s Carranza,  Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Edo. de M&eacute;xico, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>** Laboratorio Secundario de Calibraci&oacute;n Dosim&eacute;trica LSCD,  Departamento de Metrolog&iacute;a, </i><i>Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares ININ,  Carretera Federal M&eacute;xico Toluca S/N, La Marquesa,  52750 Ocoyoacac, Edo. de M&eacute;xico, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 24 de abril de 2006    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   Aceptado el 26 de septiembre de 2006</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Para ayudar a la soluci&oacute;n de los problemas de trazabilidad y control de calidad dosim&eacute;trico a usuarios de fuentes de <sup>192</sup>Ir en la Rep&uacute;blica Mexicana, el Laboratorio Secundario de Calibraci&oacute;n Dosim&eacute;trica (LSCD) del ININ calibra un lote de polvo TLD&#150;100 (LiF:Mg,Ti) en t&eacute;rminos de dosis absorbida en agua <i>D<sub>w</sub> </i>para las siguientes fuentes de radiaci&oacute;n: <sup>60</sup>Co, <sup>137</sup>Cs y RX de 250 y 50 kVp. Posteriormente, se hace una interpolaci&oacute;n para la calibraci&oacute;n del <sup>192</sup>Ir. La calibraci&oacute;n de los campos de radiaci&oacute;n se hace con los siguientes protocolos: <sup>60</sup>Co, protocolo OIEA&#150;TRS 398 empleando una camara patr&oacute;n secundario PTW N30013 calibrada en <i>D<sub>w</sub> </i>por el NRC (Canad&aacute;); <sup>137</sup>Cs, protocolo AAPM TG43, en t&eacute;rminos de la intensidad de <i>herma Sk<sub>;</sub> </i>determinado mediante el <i>kerma </i>en aire K<sub>a</sub>, el cual es medido con una c&aacute;mara de ionizaci&oacute;n tipo dedal patr&oacute;n secundario NE2611 trazable al NIST (USA); RX de 250 y 50 kVp, protocolo AAPM TG 61 usando una c&aacute;mara Farmer patr&oacute;n terciario PTW 30001 con trazabilidad al LCIE (Francia) en t&eacute;rminos de K<sub>a</sub>. Las curvas de calibraci&oacute;n se construyen para la respuesta del TLD R<i><sub>TLD</sub>vs</i> D<sub>w</sub><i>, </i>ajust&aacute;ndolas por m&iacute;nimos cuadrados pesados mediante un polinomio de segundo grado que considera la supralinealidad de la respuesta. Las curvas se validan por falta de ajuste y por la prueba de normalidad Anderson Darling. Posteriormente, se interpolan los factores de sensibilidad (F<sub>s</sub>) para las fuentes de <sup>192</sup>Ir: MicroSelectron y VariSource. Se env&iacute;a un par de c&aacute;psulas a dos hospitales para verificar una D<sub>w</sub> nominal de 2 Gy. En un caso se obtuvo una subestimaci&oacute;n en la D<sub>w</sub> y en otro una sobreestimaci&oacute;n. Finalmente, se evalua la incertidumbre expandida asociada a la D<sub>w</sub> y a los F<sub>s</sub>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>Dosimetr&iacute;a TLD; TLD&#150;100; braquiterapia HDR; dosis absorbida en agua; <sup>192</sup>Ir.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">To help solve the traceability and quality control dosimetric problems for the users of <sup>192</sup>Ir sources in the Mexican Republic, the Secondary Standard Dosimetric Laboratory at ININ to calibrated a batch of powder TLD&#150;100 (LiF:Mg,Ti) in terms of absorbed dose to water <i>D<sub>w</sub> </i>for the following radiation sources: <sup>60</sup>Co, <sup>137</sup>Cs and RX 250 and 50 kVp. Later on, the calibration is interpolated to obtain the <sup>192</sup>Ir. The calibration radiation field is carried out with the following protocols: For the <sup>60</sup>Co, OIEA TRS 398 protocol employing a secondary standard Farmer chamber PTW N30013, calibrated on D<sub>w</sub> at the NRC (Canada). For <sup>137</sup>Cs the AAPM TG 43 protocol is used, in terms of air kerma strength Sk determined by the air kerma K<sub>a</sub> measured with a secondary standard chamber type thimble NE2611 traceable to the NIST (USA). For Rays X 250 and 50 kVp, the protocol AAPM TG 61 using a tertiary standard Farmer chamber PTW 30001, with traceability to the LCIE (France) on air kerma K<sub>a</sub>. The calibration curves are built for the TLD response R<i><sub>TLD</sub> vs</i> D<sub>w</sub><i>, </i>they are fitted by means of a least squares fit technique with a second degree polynomial that corrects the supralinearity response. The curves are validated by the lack of fit test, and the Anderson Darling normality test. Later on, the sensibility factors are interpolated for the sources of <sup>192</sup>Ir: MicroSelectron and VariSource. Two capsules are sent to two hospitals to verify a nominal D<sub>w</sub><i> = 2 </i>Gy, in the first one an underestimate of the D<sub>w</sub> is obtained, and in other one an overestimation is presented. Finally, the expanded uncertainty associated to D<sub>w</sub>and the F<sub>s</sub> are calculated.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>TL Dosimetry; TLD&#150;100; Brachytherapy; HDR; absorbed dose to water; <sup>192</sup>Ir.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
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