<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692026000202113</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/igeof.2954436xe.2026.65.2.1819</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ground Subsidence and Earthquake Induced Settlements in Mexico City, Using Satellite Imagery]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaime-Paredes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcocer-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gaspar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanabria-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mérida ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>2113</fpage>
<lpage>2129</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692026000202113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692026000202113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692026000202113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This study presents an integrated analysis of ground subsidence and earthquake-induced settlements in Mexico City using Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) techniques applied to Sentinel-1 satellite imagery. Subsidence in the Valley of Mexico&#8212;primarily caused by groundwater overexploitation&#8212;has historically led to significant structural damage across the urban landscape. While conventional monitoring methods such as benchmark leveling are effective, they are time- and resource-intensive. In this work, open-access Sentinel-1 data and the SNAP toolbox developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) were used to assess regional subsidence throughout 2016 and to identify sudden displacements linked to the September 2017 seismic events. Satellite-derived measurements were validated against historical benchmark data. The results demonstrate that DInSAR reliably captures both gradual subsidence patterns and abrupt, earthquake-related settlements, notably in the Historic Center and the vicinity of the Xico Volcano. Annual subsidence rates reached up to 0.45 m in some areas, while earthquake-induced deformations ranged from 0.01 to a 0.05 m. These findings highlight the effectiveness of satellite-based remote sensing as a cost-efficient and robust tool for ground subsidence monitoring in urban environments.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este estudio presenta un análisis integrado del hundimiento del terreno y los asentamientos provocados por sismos en la Ciudad de México utilizando técnicas de radar interferométrico sintético diferencial (DInSAR) aplicadas a imágenes satelitales del Sentinel-1. La subsidencia en el valle de México, causada principalmente por la sobreexplotación de las aguas subterráneas, ha provocado históricamente importantes daños estructurales en todo el paisaje urbano. Si bien los métodos de monitoreo convencionales, como la nivelación de puntos de referencia, son eficaces, requieren mucho tiempo y recursos. En este trabajo, se utilizaron datos de acceso abierto de Sentinel-1 y el programa SNAP desarrollado por la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA) para evaluar la subsidencia regional a lo largo de 2016 e identificar desplazamientos repentinos relacionados con los eventos sísmicos de septiembre de 2017. Las mediciones obtenidas por satélite se validaron con datos históricos de referencia. Los resultados demuestran que DInSAR captura de forma confiable tanto los patrones de subsidencia gradual como los súbitos relacionados con los sismos, especialmente en el centro histórico y en las proximidades del volcán Xico. Las tasas de subsidencia anuales alcanzaron hasta 0.45 m en algunas zonas, mientras que las deformaciones inducidas por los sismos oscilaron entre 0.01 y 0.05 m. Estos hallazgos resaltan la eficacia del monitoreo remoto por satélite como herramienta rentable y sólida para la vigilancia de la subsidencia en entornos urbanos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ground subsidence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[earthquakes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seismic-induced settlement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[line of sight]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[benchmarks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SAR imagery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[DInSAR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Subsidencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sismos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[asentamientos inducidos por sismos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[línea de visión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[puntos de referencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[imagenes SAR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[DInSAR]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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