<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692018000400275</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Integration of electrical resistivity tomography with electromagnetic and soil radon measurements for characterizing the leakage problem in Afamia B dam, Syria]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Fares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Walid]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Hilal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mohamed]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Atomic Energy Commission of Syria Department of Geology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>275</fpage>
<lpage>287</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692018000400275&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692018000400275&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692018000400275&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Three complementary techniques, including Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Electromagnetic (EM) and soil gas radon measurements were applied in order to propose a conceptual model that may describe the main causes of water leakage in Afamia B dam. The survey was accompanied by extensive geologic and tectonic field investigations which assisted the delineation of certain pathways for possible water leakage from the basin of the lake&#8217;s dam. Significant weak zones including subsurface tectonic lineaments, fractured bedrock, eroded surfaces, and some other deformed structures were characterized. Further analysis of the resultant data indicates that the underlying geological structure of the dam basin is primarily composed of a successive lithological bedding consisting of permeable layers (sands and gravels) alternating with impermeable calcareous marl beds. The heterogeneous composition of such lithofacies may provide an additional reason which could effectively enhance the water losses through the permeable units along the shoulders of the main valley. The overall results of the combined techniques have shown a positive correlation between the applied methods, and they confirmed the usefulness of such approach for mapping out hidden deformed structures and weak zones. Moreover, the existence of numerous archeological ruins such as graves and wells distributed throughout the dam basin may greatly increase the water leakage from the lake. Consequently, it has been found that the eroded bedrock, the heterogeneity of alternating beddings and other detected subsurface features are all playing a crucial role in the subhorizontal and vertical leakage processes that occurring within the Neogene formations and passing down to deep-seated karstified carbonate rocks of Cretaceous age.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Para comprobar las causas de fuga en la presa Afamia B, y proponer un modelo conceptual, se aplicaron tres técnicas complementarias que incluyen datos tomográficos de resistividad eléctrica (ERT, por sus siglas en inglés), electromagnetismo (EM) y radón gaseoso del suelo. Los datos se acompañan por una investigación geológica y tectónica extensa, las cuales ayudaron a delimitar ciertas vías para una posible filtración de agua desde la cuenca de la presa del lago. Se localizaron zonas significativamente débiles, que incluyen lineamientos tectónicos subsuperficiales, roca fracturada, superficies erosionadas y algunas otras estructuras deformadas. Un análisis adicional de los datos indicó que la estructura geológica subyacente de la cuenca de la presa se compone principalmente de un lecho litológico sucesivo que consiste en capas permeables (arenas y gravas), que se alternan con lechos de margas calcáreas impermeables. La composición heterogénea de tales litofacies puede proporcionar una razón adicional que podría mejorar efectivamente las pérdidas de agua a través de las unidades permeables a lo largo del valle principal. Los resultados generales de las técnicas combinadas han mostrado una correlación positiva entre los métodos aplicados y confirmaron la utilidad de este enfoque para trazar estructuras deformadas ocultas y zonas débiles. Además, la existencia de numerosas ruinas arqueológicas, como tumbas y pozos distribuidos en toda la cuenca de la presa, puede aumentar considerablemente la fuga de agua del lago. En consecuencia, se ha encontrado que el lecho de roca erosionado, la heterogeneidad de los lechos alternados y otras características superficiales detectadas están desempeñando un papel crucial en los procesos de fuga vertical y subhorizontal que ocurren dentro de las formaciones de Neogene y pasan a carbonato cárstico profundo y de rocas de la edad cretácica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Técnicas geofísicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ERT]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[EM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Levantamiento de radón del suelo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fugas de agua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[presa de Afamia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Siria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Geophysical techniques]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ERT]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[EM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Soil radon survey]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Water leakage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Afamia dam]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Syria]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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