<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692016000400275</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19155/geofint.2016.055.4.5</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Numerical simulation of multiple scattering of P and SV waves caused by near-surface parallel cracks]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ávila-Carrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Castellanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valle-Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Celestino]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Sesma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luzón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Almería Departamento de Física Aplicada ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>275</fpage>
<lpage>291</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692016000400275&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692016000400275&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692016000400275&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Scattering and diffraction of P and SV waves caused by parallel oriented cracks located near to a free surface are investigated in this work. The Indirect Boundary Element Method (IBEM) was applied for studying the wave propagation phenomena in a half-plane model that contain the cracks. Various incidence angles of P and SV waves are considered. Sometime before it has been reported that a near free-surface crack generates scattered surface waves whose amplitude spectra show conspicuous resonance peaks. Such effect has been attributed to local resonances originated in a virtual layer between the shallowest crack and the free surface. For our case of two parallel crack system, where cracks are located at different depths, the amplitude spectra show additional peaks, which can be associated with the presence of the second crack. Given similar sizes between these two cracks, the characteristic resonance frequency observed at the free surface corresponds mainly to the equivalent layer formed by the shallowest crack and the free surface. However, when the deepest crack becomes sufficiently large with respect to the shallow crack, two resonance characteristic frequency peaks appear in the measured spectra at the free surface. Some examples including a three crack system are also illustrated in our work. The identification and characterization of the seismic response for the scattered field generated by the second and third crack has been an intricate task and, the time domain interpretation of traces becomes quite complicated. The results in this paper have been validated against some other reported from classic papers. In order to show the seismic response and multiple scattering effects due to the presence of systems of cracks, calculations in frequency and time domain are provided.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este trabajo se investiga la difracción y dispersión de ondas P y SV por la presencia de grietas orientadas paralelamente localizadas cerca de una superficie libre. Se utiliza el Método Indirecto de Elementos de Frontera (IBEM) para estudiar el fenómeno de propagación de onda en un modelo con semi-espacio plano que contiene grietas. Se consideran varios ángulos de incidencia de ondas P y SV. Ya antes ha sido reportado en la literatura especializada que una grieta cercana a la superficie libre genera ondas superficiales difractadas cuyos espectros de amplitudes muestran picos de resonancia muy pronunciados. Tal efecto ha sido atribuido a resonancias locales de un estrato virtual entre la cara superior de la grieta y la superficie libre. Para nuestro caso de dos grietas paralelas cercanas a la superficie libre, los espectros de amplitudes muestran picos adicionales que pueden asociarse con la presencia de la segunda grieta. Si las grietas son de tamaño similar, la frecuencia característica de resonancia medida en la superficie libre corresponde principalmente al estrato equivalente formado por la grieta más somera y la superficie libre. Sin embargo, cuando la grieta más profunda llega a ser suficientemente larga con respecto a la grieta más somera, aparecen dos picos de frecuencias características de resonancias en los espectros medidos en la superficie. Nuestro trabajo también muestra ejemplos con sistemas de tres grietas. Esto ha resultado en una tarea intrincada, sobre todo en la identificación y caracterización de la respuesta sísmica del campo difractado generado por la segunda y tercera grietas y por su parte, la interpretación en el dominio del tiempo de las trazas obtenidas se vuelve bastante complicada. Los resultados en este trabajo han sido validados contra otros reportados en artículos clásicos. Con objeto de ilustrar la respuesta sísmica y los efectos de difracción múltiple debido a la presencia de sistemas de grietas, se proveen cálculos en el dominio del tiempo y la frecuencia.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Modelo de propagación de onda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[grietas cercanas a la superficie]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[respuesta sísmica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wave propagation model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[near surface cracks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seismic response]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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