<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0011-1503</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Crítica (México, D.F.)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Crítica (Méx., D.F.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0011-1503</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0011-15032020000300005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2020.1221</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Rationalising Framing Effects: At Least One Task for Empirically Informed Philosophy]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Racionalizar el efecto marco: al menos una tarea para la filosofía de corte empírico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Reading School of Humanities Department of Philosophy]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>156</numero>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0011-15032020000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0011-15032020000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0011-15032020000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[SUMMARY Human judgements are affected by the words in which information is presented -or &#8216;framed&#8217;. According to the standard gloss, &#8216;framing effects&#8217; reveal counter-normative reasoning, unduly affected by positive/negative language. One challenge to this view suggests that number expressions in alternative framing conditions are interpreted as denoting lower-bounded (minimum) quantities. However, it is unclear whether the resulting explanation is a rationalising one. I argue that a number expression should only be interpreted lower-boundedly if this is what it actually means. I survey how number expressions might be assigned lower-bounded meanings, due to their conventional semantics or pragmatic enrichment in context. I argue that deciding between these possibilities requires foundational philosophical input.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Los juicios humanos se ven afectados por las palabras en las que la información se presenta &#8220;enmarcada&#8221;. Según la glosa estándar, el &#8220;efecto marco&#8221; revela un razonamiento contra-normativo, indebidamente afectado por el lenguaje positivo/negativo. Un desafío a este punto de vista sugiere que las expresiones numéricas en condiciones marco alternativas se interpretan denotando cantidades de límite inferior (mínimas). Sin embargo, no está claro si la explicación resultante es racionalizadora. Sostengo que una expresión numérica solo debe interpretarse con límites inferiores si esto es lo que realmente significa. Examino cómo a las expresiones numéricas se les pueden asignar significados de límite inferior, debido a su semántica convencional o al enriquecimiento pragmático en el contexto. Sostengo que decidir entre estas posibilidades requiere una aportación filosófica fundamental.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cognitive bias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rationality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[number expressions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[semantics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pragmatics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sesgo cognitivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[racionalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[expresiones numéricas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[semántica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pragmática]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berkeley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Humphreys]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Structuring Decision Problems and the &#8216;Bias Heuristic&#8217;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Psychologica]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>201-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermúdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Frames, Rationality, and Self-Control]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermúdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Self-Control, Decision Theory, and Rationality]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermúdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Second Challenge: Individuating Outcomes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermúdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Decision Theory and Rationality]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bohm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lind]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Note on the Robustness of a Classical Framing Result]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Psychology]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>355-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Explanatory Roles for Minimal Content]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Noûs]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pursuing Meaning]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Minimal Semantics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Clarendon Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breheny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A New Look at the Semantics and Pragmatics of Numerically Quantified Noun Phrases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Semantics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>93-139</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cappelen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lepore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Insensitive Semantics: A Defense of Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Informativeness, Relevance and Scalar Implicature]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uchida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Relevance Theory: Applications and Implications]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Implicature, Explicature, and Truth-Theoretic Semantics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kempson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mental Representations: The Interface between Language and Reality]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corbin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Framing Effects Are Robust to Linguistic Disambiguation: A Critical Test of Contemporary Theory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>238-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frisch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reasons for Framing Effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>399-429</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geurts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Take &#8216;Five&#8217;: the Meaning and Use of a Number Word]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vogeleer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasmowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Non-Definiteness and Plurality]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geurts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubio-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pragmatics and Processing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ratio]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>446-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Studies in the Way of Words]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, MA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.-M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teigen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Framing of Imprecise Quantities: When Are Lower Interval Bounds Preferred to Upper Bounds?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Behavioral Decision Making]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>490-509</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Natural History of Negation]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shanteau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Information Processing View of Framing Effects: The Role of Causal Schemas in Decision Making]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Memory and Cognition]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahneman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tversky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>263-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kempson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cormack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ambiguity and Quantification]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Linguistics and Philosophy]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>259-309</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kühberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Influence of Framing on Risky Decisions: A Meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>23-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kühberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Framing of Decisions: A New Look at Old Problems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>230-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kühberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulte-Mecklenbeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Effects of Framing, Reflection, Probability, and Payoff on Risk Preference in Choice Tasks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>204-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kühberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risky Choice Framing: Task Versions and a Comparison of Prospect Theory and Fuzzy-Trace Theory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Behavioral Decision Making]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>314-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lepore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Imagination and Convention: Distinguishing Grammar and Inference in Language]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaeth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Not All Frames Are Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>149-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, MA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MIT Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macdonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Credible Conceptions and Implausible Probabilities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>15-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Framing Effects, Replications, and Scientific Inference: Reply to Commentary by Simmons and Nelson (2013) on Mandel (2014)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do Framing Effects Reveal Irrational Choice?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Psychology. General]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>143</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1185-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gain-Loss Framing and Choice: Separating Outcome Formulations from Descriptor Formulations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>56-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.R.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Müller-Trede]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constructed Preferences, Rationality, and Choice Architecture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Behavioral Economics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<page-range>337-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Illusion of the Framing Effect in Risky Decision Making]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Behavioral Decision Making]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>63-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lying, Misleading, and What is Said: An Exploration in Philosophy of Language and in Ethics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What Is Said and Psychological Reality; Grice&#8217;s Project and Relevance Theorists&#8217; Criticisms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Linguistics and Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>347-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.R.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Information Leakage from Logically Equivalent Frames]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cognition]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>467-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simmons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8216;Exactly&#8217;: The Most Famous Framing Effect is Robust to Precise Wording]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spector]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bare Numerals and Scalar Implicatures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Language and Linguistics Compass]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>273-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sperber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Relevance: Communication and Cognition]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<edition>2nd ed.</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[West]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Individual Differences in Framing and Conjunction Effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thinking and Reasoning]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>289-317</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steiger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kühberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Meta-Analytic Re-Appraisal of the Framing Effect]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Zeitschrift für Psychologie]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>226</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>45-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teigen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[When Frames Meet Realities: On the Perceived Correctness of Inaccurate Estimates]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Framing]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Abingdon, Oxfordshire ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Psychology Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teigen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nikolaisen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incorrect Estimates and False Reports: How Framing Modifies Truth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thinking and Reasoning]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>268-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tombu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[When Does Framing Influence Preferences, Risk Perceptions, and Risk Attitudes? The Explicated Valence Account]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Behavioral Decision Making]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>464-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tversky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahneman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>211</volume>
<numero>4481</numero>
<issue>4481</issue>
<page-range>453-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
