<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2683-2852</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Carta económica regional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Carta econ. reg.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2683-2852</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2683-28522025000200175</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32870/cer.v0i136.7929</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de la informalidad en Perú, 2007-2021]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis of informality in Peru, 2007-2021]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinal de la Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>136</numero>
<fpage>175</fpage>
<lpage>217</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2683-28522025000200175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2683-28522025000200175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2683-28522025000200175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo aborda la informalidad, cuya dimensión trabajo sobrepasa cuantitativamente la cantidad de empleo formal, vinculada no sólo a variables macroeconómicas tradicionales, sino también a la calidad regulatoria. Se analizan sus factores determinantes y la interrelación territorial en las 24 regiones del Perú, se destaca la influencia del Estado para revertirla y se establece su impacto de acuerdo con las características específicas regionales a corto y largo plazo. Se postula que la informalidad se reduce al incrementarse el PBI per cápita, el empleo formal, la calidad regulatoria, el gasto público, el consumo de energía eléctrica y la industria. Se contrasta esta hipótesis aplicando una metodología de estudio exploratorio correlacional mediante el modelo autorregresivo de rezagos distribuidos (autoregressive distributed lag model, ARDL) y la relación causal aplicando el enfoque Toda-Yamamoto. Los hallazgos indican que el trabajo informal se reduce ante incrementos del PBI per cápita, la calidad regulatoria y el consumo de energía eléctrica, y se verifican como causales de informalidad el PBI per cápita, la calidad regulatoria y el gasto público.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article addresses informality, whose labor dimension quantitatively exceeds the amount of formal employment. It is linked not only to traditional macroeconomic variables but also to regulatory quality. The study analyzes its determining factors, territorial interrelation across the 24 regions of Perú, and highlights the state&#8217;s influence in reversing it, assessing its impact according to specifically regional characteristics in both the short and long term. It´s posits that informality decreases with increases in per capita gdp, formal employment, regulatory quality, public spending, electricity consumption, and industry. This hypothesis is tested using an exploratory correlational study methodology, applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and causal relationships through the Toda-Yamamoto approach. The findings indicate that informal labor decreases with increases per capita gdp, regulatory quality, and electricity consumption. Moreover, it is verified that the causal factors of informality are per capita gdp, regulatory quality, and public spending.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Perú]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[informalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[economía territorial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo ARDL]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Toda-Yamamoto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[B22]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C23]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[H30]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Perú]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[informality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[territorial economy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ARDL model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Toda-Yamamoto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[B22]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[C23]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[H30]]></kwd>
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