<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2663-3981</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista cartográfica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. cartogr.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2663-3981</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2663-39812019000100179</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35424/rcarto.i98.146</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Alternativa para determinação de altitudes normais-ortométricas na Amazônia Legal Brasileira]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicacio Junior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eurico Lourenço]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Paraná Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Geodésicas Departamento de Geomática]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Curitiba PR]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>98</numero>
<fpage>179</fpage>
<lpage>199</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2663-39812019000100179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2663-39812019000100179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2663-39812019000100179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia alternativa para predição de altitudes normais-ortométricas ao longo da Amazônia Legal Brasileira, região que impõe dificuldades logístico-operacionais para empreitadas de campo e na qual há considerável precariedade na Rede Altimétrica Fundamental Brasileira (RAFB), evidenciando necessidade de melhoria da rede em questão para um pleno alinhamento às atuais recomendações e esforços para consecução de uma vindoura Rede Internacional de Referência Altimétrica. A estratégia alternativa baseia-se em observações GNSS e na utilização de modelos globais do geopotencial (MGGs); alternativamente, utiliza-se o modelo geoidal nacional MAPGEO2015 para avaliação de empregabilidade. Para tanto, realiza-se uma abordagem com comparação em três variantes distintas: a) utilização dos métodos absoluto e relativo para determinação altimétrica; b) utilização de extratos dos MGGs obtidos em diferentes graus de desenvolvimento e do MAPGEO2015; e c) utilização das funcionais altitude geoidal e anomalia de altitude para modelagem de altitude normal-geoidal. Dados referentes às observações GNSS são extraídos das estações da rede SAT-GPS com coincidência com estações da RAFB, dotadas de informação de altitudes elipsoidal e normal-ortométrica; extratos dos MGG são obtidos ponto-a-ponto para os principais MGGs combinados da atualidade. Tendo em vista a baixa precisão média de dados na área de estudo e sua baixa vinculação com a RAFB, opta-se por adotar uma área-teste -o estado do Paraná- melhor comportada para elaboração e solidificação da estratégia para uma posterior aplicação na área de estudo. Dos estudos realizados na área-teste, verifica-se inquestionável vantagem de utilização do método relativo sobre o absoluto aliado aos MGGs, sendo em média 72% melhores para extratos desenvolvidos até graus 2190 e 720; o MAPGEO2015 figurou como exceção aos resultados, não havendo adequação com a abordagem relativa. Para as outras variáveis analisadas -diferentes funcionais e MGGs- há esperado comportamento não padronizado, havendo apenas sinalização de MGG e funcional que melhor modelam a altitude normal-geoidal na área denominada configuração ótima. Discute-se, ainda, um estratégia para validação dos resultados e tratamento de outliers. Elabora-se, então, uma estratégia consolidada, a qual é aplicada à área de estudo. Com esta aplicação, são calculadas altitudes normais-ortométricas de 602 pontos na Amazônia Legal Brasileira, com base no método relativo e na configuração ótima para a região. Após tratamento de outliers, verifica-se que tal procedimento produz discrepância média de 13,87 cm em uma área controlável, diferentemente do ocorrido com o uso do método absoluto e o modelo geoidal nacional, o qual produz discrepância média de 36,28 cm para as mesmas estações. Como contribuição adicional, realiza-se uma estimativa para o off-set entre os data verticais brasileiros com base na metodologia elaborada, auferindo-se afastamento de aproximadamente 1,32±0,07 m, resultado deveras coerente com as demais determinações já realizadas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The present paper intends to develop an alternative methodology for prediction of normal-orthometric heights through Brazilian Legal Amazon Rain Forest, a region that imposes logistical-operational difficulties for fieldwork and in which there is considerable precariousness in the Brazilian Fundamental Altimetric Network (BFAN), evidencing the need to improve the network in question to fully align with the current recommendations for the achievement of the International Height Reference Frame. An alternative strategy is based on GNSS observations and the use of global geopotential models (GGMs); alternatively, it uses the national geoid model MAPGEO2015 to evaluate employability. To do so, an approach in three different variants is performed: a) use of absolute and relative approaches for altimetric determination; b) use of GGM extracts obtained in different degrees of development and MAPGEO2015; and c) the use of geoid height and height anomaly for normal-geoid height modeling. Data regarding GNSS observations are extracted from the stations of the SAT-GPS network, coinciding with BFAN stations, with information of both ellipsoidal and normal-orthometric heights; GGMs extracts are obtained pointwisely for the main current combined MGGs. Given the low mean accuracy of data in the study area and its low linkage with BFAN, it is chosen to adopt a test area -the state of Paraná- best suited for elaboration and solidification of the strategy for a later application in the area of study. From the studies conducted in the test area, there is an unquestionable advantage of using the relative approach over the absolute one allied to GGMs, with an average of 72% better results for extracts developed up todegrees 2190 and 720; MAPGEO2015 was an exception to such results, presenting no adequacy to the relative approach. For the other analyzed variables -different functional and GGMs- expected non-standardized behavior is achieved, with only MGG and functional signaling for best modeling the normal-geoid height in the area called optimal configuration. It is discussed a strategy for validating results and treating outliers. A consolidated strategy is then elaborated, which is applied to the study area. With this application, normal-orthometric heights of 602 points are calculated in the Brazilian Legal Amazon Rain Forest, based on the relative method and the optimal configuration for the region. After treatment of outliers, it is verified that this procedure produces an average discrepancy of 13.87 cm in a controllable area, unlike the one with the absolute method and the national geoid model, which produces average discrepancy of 36.28 cm for the same stations. As an additional contribution, an estimate is made for the offset between the Brazilian vertical Data based on the methodology elaborated, resulting in a vertical distance of approximately 1.32 ± 0.07 m, a consistent result regarding other determinations already carried out.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[resumen está disponible en el texto completo]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[normal-orthometric heights]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Brazilian Legal Amazon Rain Forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[alternative methodology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GGMs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[relative method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[altitudes normais-ortométricas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Amazônia Legal Brasileira]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[metodologia alternativa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[MGGs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[método relativo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[altitudes normales-ortométricas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Amazonia Legal Brasileña]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[metodología alternativa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[MGGs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[método relativo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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