<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-9190</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista alergia México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. alerg. Méx.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-9190</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio Mexicano de Inmunología Clínica y Alergia A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-91902017000400477</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29262/ram.v64i4.334</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Significancia clínica sobre significancia estadística. Cómo interpretar los intervalos de confianza a 95 %]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Clinical significance vs statistical significance. How to interpret the confidence interval at 95 %]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Ezquerro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Darío]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riojas-Garza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón-Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Hospital de Pediatría]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Panamericana Escuela de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Hospital de Pediatría]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>477</fpage>
<lpage>486</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-91902017000400477&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-91902017000400477&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-91902017000400477&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La validez de un estudio depende de su adecuada planeación, ejecución y análisis. Si estas son suficientemente correctas, la decisión de aplicar las recomendaciones emitidas depende del efecto clínico esperado. Este efecto puede tener variaciones aleatorias, de ahí la necesidad de usar la inferencia estadística. Durante años se ha usado el valor de p para determinar esta significancia estadística y los intervalos de confianza para medir la magnitud del efecto. En esta revisión se presenta una propuesta de cómo interpretar los intervalos de confianza a 95 % (IC 95 %) como estimadores de la variabilidad del efecto esperado, con base en considerar el umbral o valor de significancia clínica y el valor nulo de diferencia o rechazo de significancia estadística. Con ello, una asociación en la cual el IC 95 % incluye el valor nulo (no efecto o diferencia) es interpretado como no concluyente; uno entre el valor nulo y el umbral clínico (sin incluirlos) como posiblemente intrascendente; uno que no incluye al valor nulo, pero sí al umbral clínico como aún no contundente y uno más allá del umbral clínico como contundente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The validity of a study depends on its proper planning, execution and analysis. If these are sufficiently correct, the decision to apply the recommendations issued depends on the expected clinical effect. This effect may have random variations, hence the need to use statistical inference. For years the p-value has been used to determine this statistical significance and the confidence intervals to measure the magnitude of the effect. In this review we present a proposal of how to interpret the 95 % confidence intervals (CI 95 %) as estimators of the expected effect variability based on considering the threshold or value of clinical significance and the null value of the difference or rejection of statistical significance. Thus, an association or effect where the CI 95 % includes the null value (no effect or difference) is interpreted as inconclusive; one between the null value and the clinical threshold (without including them) as possibly inconsequential; one that does not include the null value but the clinical threshold as yet not conclusive and one beyond the clinical threshold as conclusive.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Valor de p]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Intervalo de confianza a 95 %]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Decisión clínica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[P-value]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Confidence interval 95 %]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Clinical decision]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El intervalo de confianza: algo más que un valor de significación estadística]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Argimon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Med Clin]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>382-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical significance versus clinical relevance]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van-Rijn MHC]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bech-A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouyer J]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[van-Den-Brand JAJG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nephrol Dial Transplant]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl 2</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl 2</issue>
<supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
<page-range>ii6-ii12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: A guide to misinterpretations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>337-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Statistical methods for research workers]]></source>
<year>1925</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Escocia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Genesis Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A dirty dozen: Twelve p-value misconceptions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Hematol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>135-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[P-values and confidence intervals: two sides of the same unsatisfactory coin]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>355-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Confidence intervals rather than P values: Estimation rather than hypothesis testing]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>292</volume>
<numero>6522</numero>
<issue>6522</issue>
<page-range>746-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The extent and consequences of p-hacking in science]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Head]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lanfear]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jennions]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS Biol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>e1002106</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The appropriate use of null hypothesis testing]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Methods]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>379-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A show of confidence]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>299</volume>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
<page-range>1362-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Confidence interval or p-value?: part 4 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du-Prel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hommel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Röhrig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blettner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dtsch Arztebl Int]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
<page-range>335-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The fallacy of placing confidence in confidence intervals]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoekstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagenmakers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psychon Bull Rev]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>103-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beyond statistical significance: clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literature]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Page]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Sports Phys Ther]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>726-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical significance testing in the American Journal of Epidemiology, 1970-1990]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>139</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1047-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El valor de "p" y la "significación estadística". Aspectos generales y su valor en la práctica clínica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manterola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>Grupo MINCIR</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Chil Cir]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>86-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los valores p y los intervalos de confianza: ¿en qué confiar?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Panam Salud Publica]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>293-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
