<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2448-718X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre económico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[El trimestre econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2448-718X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2448-718X2022000300943</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20430/ete.v89i355.1595</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Latinoamérica es la región con el menor crecimiento de la productividad en el mundo desde las reformas neoliberales. La nueva trampa del ingreso medio: rentas fáciles no generan precisamente élites schumpeterianas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Latin America is the region with the lowest productivity growth in the world since the neoliberal reforms. The new middle income trap: Easy rents do not exactly generate Schumpeterian elites]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Cambridge  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>355</numero>
<fpage>943</fpage>
<lpage>977</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2448-718X2022000300943&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2448-718X2022000300943&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2448-718X2022000300943&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Lo que caracteriza &#8220;la trampa del ingreso medio&#8221; en América Latina es la incapacidad para rediseñar estrategias productivas cuando las existentes se han agotado. Élites timoratas, acostumbradas a vivir de las rentas fáciles, y Estados neofóbicos se trasforman en el principal obstáculo al cambio. Ya ocurrió durante el periodo sustitutivo, y ahora vuelve a suceder cuando se agota el modelo meramente extractivo en el sur de la región, y el del ensamblaje simple en el Norte. En lugar de reactivar el crecimiento de la productividad agregando valor a las exportaciones primarias y fortaleciendo los encadenamientos &#8220;hacia atrás&#8221; en lo extractivo en uno, o &#8220;profundizando&#8221; la manufactura del ensamblaje en el otro -junto con transformar lo &#8220;verde&#8221; en un nuevo motor del crecimiento de la productividad-, lo que sigue imperando en la región es el &#8220;más de lo mismo pero, con suerte, mejor&#8221;, predicado por economistas ortodoxos y reforzado por nuevos tratados de &#8220;protección&#8221; a la inversión. Todo esto nos atrapa en un interregno donde lo viejo se desvanece (pues dio todo lo que podía dar), pero lo nuevo no logra nacer; un escenario que he llamado nuestro &#8220;momento gramsciano&#8221;. A pesar de una diversidad de nuevos discursos progresistas, en Latinoamérica (como en el Hotel California) continuamos prisioneros de nuestras propias cadenas, con nuestra imaginación social aún atrapada en las &#8220;certezas absolutas&#8221; de la todavía hegemónica ideología neoliberal­. Es como si la región estuviese en un estado de adicción a una vida empobrecida. Quizá eso fue contra lo que realmente se rebelaron los jóvenes, las mujeres y los pueblos originarios en Chile en el estallido social de octubre de 2019.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The &#8220;middle-income trap&#8221; in Latin America is about its inability to redesign productive strategies when the existing ones have become exhausted. Indolent elites, accustomed to living off &#8220;easy rents&#8221;, and neophobic states have become again the main obstacle to change. It already happened during the period of import substitution, and it is now happening again when the merely extractive model in the South of the region and the assembly model in the North have become exhausted. Instead of reigniting productivity growth by adding value to primary exports and strengthening backward linkages in extractive activities in one, or of &#8220;deepening&#8221; assembly manufacturing in the other-along with transforming &#8220;the green issue&#8221; into a new engine of productivity growth-what continues to prevail in the region is the &#8220;more of the same but, hopefully, better&#8221;, preached by orthodox economists and reinforced by new &#8220;investment-protection&#8221; treaties. All of this traps the region in an interregnum where the old fades away (since it gave all it could offer), but the new fails to be born-a scenario I have called our &#8220;Gramscian moment&#8221;. Despite a diversity of new progressive discourses, in Latin America (as in Hotel California), &#8220;we are all just prisoners here, of our own device&#8221;, with our social imagination still trapped in the &#8220;absolute certainties&#8221; of the still hegemonic neoliberal ideology- as if the region was in a state of addiction to an impoverished life. Perhaps this is what the young, women, and native people rebelled against in Chile in the social outbreak of October 2019.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trampa de ingreso medio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[élites rentistas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[&#8220;rentas fáciles&#8221;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo extractivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manufactura del ensamblaje]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento de la productividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[E2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[N10]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O11]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O47]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Middle-income trap]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rentier elites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[&#8220;easy rents&#8221;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[extractive model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[assembly manufacturing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[productivity growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[E2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[N10]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[O11]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[O47]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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