<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2444-054X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cirugía y cirujanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cir. cir.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2444-054X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Mexicana de Cirugía A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2444-054X2019000200190</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/ciru.18000437</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of insertion angle on the stability of orthodontic mini-implants in a rabbit tibia model: A finite element analysis]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efecto del ángulo de inserción en la estabilidad de miniimplantes ortodóncicos en un modelo de tibia de conejo: Modelo de elementos finitos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araujo-Monsalvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Aréas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mercy G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Coria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elisa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Cuamatzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araujo-Monsalvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benjamín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra Laboratorio de Biomecánica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Intercontinental Maestría en Ortodoncia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra Servicio de Tomografía Computada ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>190</fpage>
<lpage>195</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2444-054X2019000200190&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2444-054X2019000200190&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2444-054X2019000200190&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Mini-implants are an alternative to traditional methods of anchorage in orthodontic treatment. However, there are still questions concerning their application, in particular, with the insertion angle.  Objective: To determine whether the angle of insertion of the mini-implant is a determining factor in their primary stability when they support orthodontic loads.  Materials and Methods: A finite element model (FEM) of tibia bone, spring and mini-implant was developed. The three-dimensional model of the rabbit tibia was constructed based on tomographic slices. The angles that were analyzed were 90°, 80°, 70°, 60°, 50°, 45°, 40°, and 30°. A horizontal force of 2 N applied to the head of the mini-implants was simulated. The von Mises stresses and displacements were determined using FEM.  Results: Von Mises stresses were lower for an insertion angle of 40° followed by 90° and 70°; likewise, the displacements of the mini-implants with respect to the spring were lower for the 40° angle followed by 90° and 70°, we found a statistically significant association between the insertion angle and displacement.  Conclusion: All mini-implants underwent a degree of angulation and displacement; however, mini-implants inserted to the bone surface at 40° tend to have better primary stability, and they can withstand loads immediately.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: Los miniimplantes son una alternativa para los métodos de anclaje tradicionales en el tratamiento de ortodoncia. Sin embargo, existen interrogantes referentes a su uso, en particular en cuanto al ángulo de inserción.  Objetivo: Determinar si el ángulo de inserción es un factor determinante en la estabilidad primaria de los miniimplantes cuando soportan cargas.  Método: Se desarrolló un modelo tridimensional de elementos finitos del conjunto tibia, miniimplante y resorte a partir de cortes tomográficos; finalmente, el resorte fue modelado empleando elementos de contacto. Las angulaciones analizadas fueron 90°, 80°, 70°, 60°, 50°, 45°, 40° y 30°. Una fuerza de 2 N fue aplicada a los implantes. Se determinaron los esfuerzos de von Mises y los desplazamientos empleando elementos finitos.  Resultados: Los esfuerzos de von Mises fueron menores para un ángulo de inserción de 40°, seguido por los de 90° y 70°; de igual forma, los desplazamientos en los miniimplantes con respecto al resorte fueron menores para un ángulo de 40°, seguido por los de 90° y 70°.  Conclusión: Todos los miniimplantes presentaron un cierto grado de angulación y desplazamiento, pero los insertados en la superficie ósea a 40° tienden a presentar mejor estabilidad primaria y pueden ser inmediatamente sometidos a carga.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mini-implants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Orthodontics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Insertion angle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Finite element analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biomechanics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Miniimplantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ortodoncia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ángulo de inserción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Método del elemento finito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Biomecánica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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