<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-7459</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Horizonte sanitario]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Horiz. sanitario]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-7459</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-74592024000100167</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19136/hs.a23n1.5686</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Factores socioambientales relacionados con la leishmaniasis a nivel cantonal, Costa Rica, 2018-2021]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Socio-environmental factors related to leishmaniasis at the cantonal level, Costa Rica, 2018-2021]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elizondo-Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Córdoba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto-Trejos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paniagua-Hidalgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puntarenas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Subárea de Vigilancia Epidemiológica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>167</fpage>
<lpage>177</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-74592024000100167&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-74592024000100167&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-74592024000100167&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Objetivo: Analizar factores socioambientales relacionados con la incidencia acumulada de leishmaniasis a nivel cantonal en Costa Rica del año 2018 al 2021.  Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional, ecológico, a nivel cantonal, descriptivo-analítico. Se realiza un análisis espacial por medio de mapas coropléticos, Índice de Moran e Índice Local de Asociación Espacial. Se llevan a cabo modelos de regresión binomial negativa bivariado y multivariado.  Resultados: Se desarrollan dos modelos multivariados: Modelo multivariado A, las variables dimensión educativa y acceso a información se comportan como factores protectores. Modelo B, el porcentaje de hogares con carencia de albergue digno, razón de masculinidad, porcentaje de población afrodescendiente y porcentaje de hogares pobres, actúan como factores de riesgo.  Conclusiones: Se observa que los cantones con mayor incidencia acumulada de leishmaniasis fueron los localizados principalmente en el caribe y zona sur. Se identifican factores socioambientales relacionados con la incidencia acumulada estandarizada cantonal de leishmaniasis en Costa Rica del año 2018 al 2021. Es posible determinar clústeres de autocorrelación espacial alta entre las variables identificadas en esta pesquisa como factores protectores, dimensión educativa, acceso a la información y de riesgo, porcentaje de hogares con carencia de albergue digno, razón de masculinidad, porcentaje de población afrodescendiente, y porcentaje de hogares pobres principalmente en cantones ubicados en la zona del caribe y zona sur del país, así como clústeres de autocorrelación espacial baja en cantones del centro del país.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objective: Analyze socio-environmental factors related to the cumulative incidence of leishmaniasis at the cantonal level in Costa Rica from 2018 to 2021.  Materials and methods: Observational, ecological, cantonal, descriptive-analytical study. A spatial analysis is carried out through choropleth maps, Moran Index and Local Spatial Association Index. Bivariate and multivariate negative binomial regression models are carried out.  Results: Two multivariate models are developed: Multivariate model A: the variables educational dimension and access to information behave as protective factors. Model B: the percentage of households lacking decent shelter, sex ratio, percentage of Afro-descendant population and percentage of poor households act as risk factors.  Conclusions: It is observed that the cantons with the highest cumulative incidence of leishmaniasis were those located mainly in the Caribbean and southern areas. Socioenvironmental factors related to the cantonal standardized cumulative incidence of leishmaniasis in Costa Rica from 2018 to 2021 are identified. It is possible to determine the presence of clusters of high spatial autocorrelation between the variables identified in this research as protective factors educational dimension, access to information and risk factors percentage of households lacking decent shelter, sex ratio, percentage of population Afrodescendant, and percentage of poor households mainly in cantons located in the Caribbean area and southern part of the country, as well as clusters of low spatial autocorrelation in cantons in the center of the country.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Leishmaniasis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Epidemiología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Análisis espacial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Leishmaniasis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Epidemiology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Spatial analysis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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