<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-4298</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Botanical Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bot. sci]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-4298</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Botánica de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-42982025000300577</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17129/botsci.3626</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El papel de la legislación ambiental en el manejo sostenible de las orquídeas silvestres de México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anglés-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marisol]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega-Argueta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Cristóbal de las Casas Chiapas]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Regional Integral Unidad Oaxaca ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>577</fpage>
<lpage>595</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-42982025000300577&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-42982025000300577&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-42982025000300577&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: Muchas orquídeas silvestres de México con valor ornamental están en riesgo y deberían ser manejadas de manera sostenible. El país cuenta con una normatividad ambiental para la protección y manejo de su flora silvestre, pero se desconoce su nivel de operación y cumplimiento para lograr un aprovechamiento sostenible de orquídeas.  Pregunta: ¿Cuál es el nivel de cumplimiento y operación de las estrategias de aprovechamiento sostenible para orquídeas silvestres de México que derivan de su legislación ambiental?  Especies de estudio: Orquídeas silvestres de México.  Sitio y años de estudio: El estudio consideró todo el país, fue realizado en 2015-2016.  Métodos: Se revisaron los instrumentos del marco normativo sobre política ambiental vigente en México. Se evaluó el nivel de operatividad y cumplimiento de esta normatividad mediante consultas a dependencias gubernamentales y entrevistas a productores de orquídeas.  Resultados: Los procedimientos administrativos en la normatividad ambiental, aunque alineados con tratados internacionales, no siempre favorecen el aprovechamiento sostenible de orquídeas en México. Esto se debe a omisiones y vacíos jurídicos, sobrerregulación y ausencia de criterios científicos en su contenido, así como un nivel de cumplimiento bajo y acciones de vigilancia deficientes.  Conclusiones: Para mejorar la protección y manejo de orquídeas se recomienda simplificar trámites y diseñar formatos especiales para este grupo. Es necesario también armonizar y actualizar los instrumentos legales, incluyendo criterios basados en estudios científicos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Many native orchids with ornamental value are at risk and should be managed sustainably. This country has environmental regulations for the protection and management of its wild flora, but the level of implementation and compliance needed to achieve sustainable orchid use remains unknown.  Question: What is the level of compliance and implementation of sustainable management for wild orchids in Mexico that arise from its environmental legislation?  Study Species: Wild orchids of Mexico.  Study site and years: The study covered the entire country, was conducted in 2015-2016.  Methods: The instruments of the current environmental policy framework in Mexico were reviewed. The level of operational effectiveness and compliance with this regulation was evaluated through consultations with governmental agencies and interviews with orchid producers.  Results: Although Mexico&#8217;s environmental regulations align with international treaties, they do not always support the sustainable use of orchids. This is due to legal omissions, regulatory gaps, excessive bureaucracy, and the absence of scientific criteria. Additionally, compliance levels are low, and enforcement actions are inadequate.  Conclusions: To improve orchid protection and management, administrative procedures should be simplified, and specific formats for this plant group should be designed. It is also necessary to harmonize and update legal instruments by incorporating criteria based on scientific studies.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comercio ilícito de vida silvestre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[especies en riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[plantas ornamentales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[recursos forestales no maderables]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Unidad de Manejo para la conservación de la Vida Silvestre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Environmental Management Unit]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[endangered species]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[illicit wildlife trade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non-timber forest resources]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ornamental plants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[species at-risk]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<given-names><![CDATA[WA]]></given-names>
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<source><![CDATA[Metodologías: Enseñanza e Investigación Jurídicas]]></source>
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<page-range>921-53</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México, México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
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