<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-3364</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Therya]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-3364</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Mexicana de Mastozoología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-33642022000200143</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12933/therya-22-1158</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis of the male annual antler cycle, reproductive behavior and spotted fawn presence in the tropical white-tailed deer]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,WANATURA  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Palmares Alajuela]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Alajuela]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Portland State University Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Portland Oregon]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>143</fpage>
<lpage>151</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-33642022000200143&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-33642022000200143&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-33642022000200143&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The rutting season of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is seasonal in North America, but in tropical latitudes it occurs year-round with peaks locally variable. Reproductive cycle of this species in Costa Rica is variable, clearly seasonal in San Lucas Island but continuous with two birth peaks in Palo Verde and Santa Rosa national parks in northwestern Costa Rica. In Hacienda y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Curú in the Nicoya Peninsula, a site south of these parks but in a different life zone, we observed males with hard antlers in 2015 but only from July to November. We therefore hypothesized that white-tailed deer have a continuous reproductive cycle during the year in Curú because the rainfall pattern is the same as in Palo Verde and Santa Rosa. We visited Curú every month and recorded the status of white-tailed deer antler growth: nubs, velvet, and hard, from January 2016 to December 2019. We also recorded other rut behaviors and the presence of spotted fawns. We recorded 1,134 observations of the status of antler growth, 13 observations on reproductive behavior and 133 observations of spotted fawns. The antler cycle was seasonal in the four years of study. Male antler casting took place from mid-November to mid-February and the growth of new antlers began in mid-December and lasted until mid-March. Velvet shedding occurred in April, May and June, and by July males had hard antlers. The rutting season lasted three months from mid-June to mid-August. Small spotted fawns were observed from the middle of the dry season to the beginning of the rainy season. All this highly contrasts with the reproduction pattern observed in Santa Rosa. Lack of seasonal variation in the photoperiod is likely an important factor that allows deer to reproduce throughout the year in these protected areas, but this variation does not exist in Curú either, where the species is seasonal. The reproductive patterns of white-tailed deer in Central and South America may have evolved in response to seasonal fluctuations in specific food availability, competition, or predation, all of which may be directly related to rainfall patterns. Greater knowledge of the link between rainfall patterns and food availability for deer would be of great help to further our understanding of factors driving the reproduction cycle of the White-tailed deer.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La temporada de reproducción o brama del venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) es estacional en América del Norte, pero en latitudes tropicales ocurre durante todo el año con picos variables localmente. El ciclo reproductivo de esta especie en Costa Rica es variable, claramente estacional en la isla San Lucas, pero continuo con dos picos de nacimientos en los parques nacionales Palo Verde y Santa Rosa en el noroeste de Costa Rica. En Hacienda y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Curú en la Península de Nicoya, un sitio al sur de estos parques, pero en una zona de vida diferente, observamos machos con astas duras en 2015, pero solo de julio a noviembre. Por lo tanto, planteamos la hipótesis de que el venado cola blanca tiene un ciclo reproductivo continuo durante el año en Curú porque el patrón de lluvia es igual al de Palo Verde y Santa Rosa. Visitamos Curú todos los meses y registramos el estado del crecimiento de las astas de los venados de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2019. También registramos otros comportamientos de celo y la presencia de cervatillos manchados. Registramos 1,134 observaciones del estado del crecimiento de las astas, 13 observaciones sobre el comportamiento reproductivo y 133 observaciones de cervatillos manchados. El ciclo de las astas fue estacional en los cuatro años de estudio. Los machos botaron las astas de mediados de noviembre a mediados de febrero y el crecimiento de las nuevas astas inició a mediados de diciembre y se prolongó hasta mediados de marzo. La caída del terciopelo ocurrió en abril, mayo y junio y a partir de julio los machos tenían astas duras. La brama duró tres meses, desde mediados de junio hasta mediados de agosto. Observamos cervatillos manchados pequeños desde la mitad de la estación seca hasta el inicio de la temporada de lluvias. Todo esto contrasta con el patrón de reproducción observado en Palo Verde y Santa Rosa. La falta de variación estacional en el fotoperiodo es probablemente un factor importante que permite que los venados se reproduzcan durante todo el año en estas áreas protegidas, pero esta variación tampoco existe en Curú, donde la especie es estacional. Los patrones reproductivos del venado cola blanca en América Central y del Sur pueden haber evolucionado en respuesta a fluctuaciones estacionales en la disponibilidad de alimentos específicos, la competencia o la depredación, todo lo cual puede estar directamente relacionado con los patrones de lluvia. Un mayor conocimiento del vínculo entre los patrones de lluvia y la disponibilidad de alimentos para los venados sería de gran ayuda para comprender mejor los factores que impulsan los ciclos de reproducción del venado cola blanca.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antler status]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dry forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[humid forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nubs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reproduction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rut]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[velvet]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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