<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-1124</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias pecuarias]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. de cienc. pecuarias]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-1124</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-11242021000400996</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22319/rmcp.v12i4.5681</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Niveles de consanguinidad y sus efectos sobre la expresión fenotípica en ganado Holstein]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Inbreeding levels and their effects on phenotypic expression in Holstein cattle]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortes-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felipe de Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ajuchitlán Querétaro]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>996</fpage>
<lpage>1007</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-11242021000400996&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-11242021000400996&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-11242021000400996&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue calcular los niveles de consanguinidad en la población Holstein de México y evaluar su efecto sobre la producción de leche, grasa, proteína y puntos finales de conformación. La información de pedigrí constó de 326,238 animales, a los cuales se les calculó la consanguinidad a través del algoritmo recursivo modificado (INBUPGF90). Se obtuvieron tendencias de consanguinidad de animales nacidos de 1990 a 2018 a través de un análisis de regresión, y se evaluó el efecto de la consanguinidad sobre caracteres productivos con un análisis de varianzas, para lo cual se incluyó información fenotípica de 68,779 animales. Se formaron seis grupos de acuerdo al nivel de consanguinidad (1= &lt;1%, 2= &#8805;1 y &lt;2%, 3= &#8805;2 y &lt;3%, 4= &#8805;3 y &lt;4%, 5= &#8805;4 y &lt;5%, y 6= &#8805;5%). Los resultados mostraron que, por cada punto porcentual de aumento en la consanguinidad, se disminuye la producción de leche, grasa y proteína en 88, 3.16 y 2.57 kg (P&lt;0.0001). A niveles bajos de consanguinidad (&lt;5%), no se detectó ningún efecto sobre la producción de grasa y proteína. Sin embargo, cuando la consanguinidad aumentó a más de 5%, la pérdida en producción fue de 12 kg de grasa y de 9 kg en proteína. También se observó que los animales con menor promedio de conformación, presentan bajos niveles de consanguinidad (&lt;1%) y los niveles más elevados, no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ellos; lo que ratifica que la conformación funcional es menos sensible a los efectos de la consanguinidad que otras características de interés económico. Se recomienda promover programas de selección basados en contribuciones óptimas para maximizar las ganancias genéticas y controlar los niveles de consanguinidad.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of the present study was to calculate the inbreeding levels in the Holstein population of Mexico and to evaluate their effect on the production of milk, fat, protein and final conformation points. The pedigree information was made up of 326,238 animals, to which inbreeding was calculated through the modified recursive algorithm (INBUPGF90). Inbreeding trends of animals born from 1990 to 2018 were obtained through a regression analysis, and the effect of inbreeding on productive characteristics was evaluated with an analysis of variances, for which phenotypic information from 68,779 animals was included. Six groups were formed according to the level of inbreeding (1= &lt;1%, 2= &#8805;1 and &lt;2%, 3= &#8805;2 and &lt;3%, 4= &#8805;3 and &lt;4%, 5= &#8805;4 and &lt;5%, and 6&#8805; 5%). The results showed that, for each percentage point of increase in inbreeding, the production of milk, fat and protein decrease by 88, 3.16 and 2.57 kg (P&lt;0.0001). At low levels of inbreeding (&lt;5%), no effect on fat and protein production was detected. However, when inbreeding increased to more than 5 %, the loss in production was 12 kg of fat and 9 kg in protein. It was also observed that the animals with the lowest average conformation have low levels of inbreeding (&lt;1%) and the highest levels did not show significant differences between them, which confirms that functional conformation is less sensitive to the effects of inbreeding than other characteristics of economic interest. It is recommended to promote selection programs based on optimal contributions to maximize genetic gains and control inbreeding levels.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Consanguinidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Depresión endogámica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Expresión fenotípica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Inbreeding]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Inbreeding depression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Phenotypic expression]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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