<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2007-1124</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias pecuarias]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. de cienc. pecuarias]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2007-1124</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2007-11242021000200633</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22319/rmcp.v12i2.5480</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Eficacia del timol en el control del hongo Nosema ceranae infectando abejas africanizadas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Efficacy of thymol in control of the fungus Nosema ceranae in Africanized Apis mellifera]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Valero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Azucena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrientos-Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Centro de Investigación Regional del Sureste ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Campeche]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Departamento de Ecología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Yucatán]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Departamento de Apicultura]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Yucatán]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>633</fpage>
<lpage>643</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2007-11242021000200633&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2007-11242021000200633&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2007-11242021000200633&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Nosema ceranae, es un parásito obligatorio del intestino medio de las abejas melíferas que causa destrucción de las células epiteliales afectando la digestión y asimilación del alimento, impactando negativamente el desarrollo y sobrevivencia de las colonias de abejas. Con la finalidad de reducir los efectos negativos, se evaluó la eficacia del timol en el control de esta parasitosis. El estudio se realizó en dos apiarios experimentales con un total de 56 colonias de abejas distribuidas en tres grupos experimentales: G1) 18 colonias que recibieron tratamiento con fumagilina como producto de referencia (25.2 mg de fumagilina/semana); G2) 19 colonias que recibieron tratamiento con timol como producto alternativo (66 mg de cristales/semana) y G3) 19 colonias que no recibieron ningún tratamiento (grupo testigo). Los tratamientos con la fumagilina y timol se aplicaron a través del jarabe de azúcar una vez por semana durante cuatro semanas consecutivas. Los niveles de infección de N. ceranae se estimaron en el macerado del abdomen de 60 abejas adultas colectadas de cada colonia experimental. Los resultados al final de los tratamientos indican que las colonias que recibieron fumagilina (G1) disminuyeron sus niveles de infección de 123,529 a 1,805 esporas por abeja; para G2 (timol), la reducción fue de 133,438 a 28,099 esporas por abeja, y para las colonias del grupo testigo (G3) fue de 119,306 a 36,447 esporas por abeja. Los tres grupos experimentales presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en los niveles de infección de N. ceranae al final de los tratamientos. La fumagilina presentó una mayor eficacia (95.2 %) en comparación con el timol la, cual fue baja (31.1 % de eficacia) indicando que se requieren estudios adicionales para determinar la concentración más efectiva a nivel de colonia bajo condiciones tropicales de Yucatán, a fin de que este aceite esencial de origen vegetal sea incorporado como producto alternativo para el control de esta parasitosis.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Nosema ceranae is an obligatory parasite of the honeybee midgut. It destroys the epithelial cells, negatively affecting food digestion and assimilation, and impacting bee development and colony survival. Antifungals such as fumagillin effectively control N. ceranae but can be toxic to humans who consume honey from treated hives, and are prohibited in many countries, including Mexico. Essential oils from plants are promising alternative antifungals. An evaluation was done of the efficacy of the essential oil thymol in controlling N. ceranae in Africanized Apis mellifera colonies over a four-week period. A total of 56 colonies were distributed in three experimental groups: G1) 18 colonies treated with fumagillin (25.2 mg fumagillin/week); G2) 19 colonies treated with thymol (66 mg thymol crystals/week); and G3) 19 untreated colonies (control). Infection levels (N. ceranae spores/bee) were estimated in 60 adult bees from each colony. Fumagillin (G1) reduced infection levels from 123,529 to 1,805 spores/bee (95.2 % efficacy). Thymol (G2) reduced infection levels from 133,438 to 28,099 spores/bee (31.1 % efficacy). Infection levels also declined in the control group (G3), from 119,306 to 36,447 spores/bee. The clearly higher efficacy with fumagillin compared to thymol highlights the need for further trials to test different thymol concentrations, and administration frequencies and times. Under the present study conditions thymol was not effective against N. ceranae, but the pressing need for non-toxic antifungals for use in Africanized A. mellifera colonies in the tropics makes research on thymol and other essential oils imperative.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nosema ceranae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nosemosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fumagilina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Timol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Eficacia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Apis mellifera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nosema ceranae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nosemosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fumagillin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Thymol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Efficacy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Apis mellifera]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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