<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3569</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[CONfines de relaciones internacionales y ciencia política]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[CONfines relacion. internaci. ciencia política]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3569</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, División de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35692022000100072</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46530/cf.vi34/cnfns.n34.p72-92</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Debating Hawala, Infrastructures and Critical Issues: A Continuum from Hawala to Blockchain Technologies?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Debatiendo Hawala, sus infraestructuras y cuestiones críticas: ¿Existe una continuidad de Hawala hasta las tecnologías de cadena de bloques?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirabile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Lavorare dal Sud  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>34</numero>
<fpage>72</fpage>
<lpage>92</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35692022000100072&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35692022000100072&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35692022000100072&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The paper aims to investigate the debate regarding the Informal Value Transfer Systems (IVTS), in particular that of hawala, a trust-based money transfer system. In this regard, analyzing the debate regarding hawala using primary and secondary sources, the paper demonstrates how hawala suffers forms of coercion &#8722;particularly after the September 11 attacks in the US&#8722;. But also, experts and academics dealing with human rights, the remittance market and financial inclusion advocate for a fair and sustainable development of the hawala system. The article offers a brief overview of the possibilities and main challenges offered by the application of blockchain-based technologies and the societal, institutional and technological issues arising from it. In particular, the paper reflects on the contemporary debate about the hawala system to explain &#8722;why at the moment&#8722; the category of continuum cannot be considered adequate to describe the relationship between hawala and blockchain technologies.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este documento tiene como objetivo investigar el debate sobre los Sistemas Informales de Transferencia de Valor (IVTS), en particular el de hawala, un sistema de transferencia de dinero basado en la confianza. Analizando el debate sobre la hawala y utilizando fuentes primarias y secundarias, este documento demuestra cómo hawala sufre formas de coerción, particularmente después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre en EE. UU. Pero también, expertos y académicos que se ocupan de derechos humanos, del mercado de remesas e inclusión financiera abogan por un desarrollo justo y sostenible del sistema del hawala. El artículo ofrece una breve descripción de las posibilidades y los principales desafíos que ofrece la aplicación de tecnologías basadas en blockchain y los problemas sociales, institucionales y tecnológicos que surgen de ella. En particular, el artículo reflexiona sobre el debate contemporáneo sobre el sistema hawala para explicar, por qué en este momento, la categoría del continuum no puede considerarse adecuada para describir la relación entre hawala y las tecnologías blockchain.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[remittances]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hawala]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[blockchain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infrastructures]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[migration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[remesas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hawala]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[blockchain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[infraestructura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migración]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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