<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3550</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3550</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35502024000200219</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2024.2.656</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Seguridad e interdependencia entre México y Estados Unidos (2019-2023): ¿cómo evitan declarar terroristas a los narcotraficantes?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Security and Interdependence between Mexico and the United States (2019-2023): How Do They Avoid Declaring Drug Traffickers as Terrorists?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales Gámez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana Sletza]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>219</fpage>
<lpage>240</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35502024000200219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35502024000200219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35502024000200219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo propone explicar desde la teoría de la interdependencia compleja por qué México y Estados Unidos no designan a los narcotraficantes como terroristas para combatirlos. Esta teoría plantea una dependencia mutua entre Estados, por lo que la vulnerabilidad y sensibilidad consideradas también por dicha teoría serán analizadas para explicar cómo sus intereses y políticas se ven afectados en este tema de seguridad. El periodo de 2019 a 2023 se analiza debido a los debates que reemergen en Estados Unidos e insisten en declarar a las organizaciones de tráfico de drogas como terroristas. Las conclusiones apuntan cómo México aceptó el Entendimiento Bicentenario incorporando la agenda social de López Obrador al usar la asimetría y vulnerabilidad mexicana en su interdependencia con Estados Unidos, pero también considerando las sensibilidades de ese país.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article aims to explain through the Theory of Complex Interdependence why Mexico and the United States do not designate drug traffickers as terrorists in order to combat them. This theory proposes a mutual dependence between States, so the vulnerability and sensitivity considered also by the theory will be analyzed in order to explain how their interests and policies are affected in this security issue. The period from 2019 to 2023 is analyzed because of the debates appeared again in the United States insisting to designate drug trafficking organizations as terrorists. Conclusions point out how Mexico accepted the Bicentennial Framework incorporating López Obrador's social agenda using Mexican asymmetry and vulnerability in their interdependence with the United States, but also considering American sensibilities.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[interdependencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México-Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[narcotráfico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[terrorismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[interdependence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[U.S.-Mexico relations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drug trafficking]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[terrorism]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[One Damn Thing after Another]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Collins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benítez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mexico and the United States Security: Historic and Current Dilemmas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Voices of Mexico]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<numero>116</numero>
<issue>116</issue>
<page-range>37-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blinken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonhy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[As we made clear in Mexico City today, we are committed to partnering with Mexico to address our shared challenges, including managing unprecedented irregular migration in the region, reopening key ports of entry, and combating illicit fentanyl and other synthetic drugs]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Narco en México: ¿por qué los grupos criminales atacan a la población civil?]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa-Cabrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Spectacle of Drug Violence: American Public Discourse, Media, and Border Enforcement in the Texas-Tamaulipas Border Region During Drug-War Times]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>199-220</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Payán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tony]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La guerra improvisada. Los años de Calderón y sus consecuencias]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Océano]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Declaración Conjunta México-Estados Unidos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Drug Enforcement Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[United States: Areas of Influence of Major Mexican Transnational Criminal Organizations. Inteligence Report. Unclassified DEA-DCT-DIR-065-15]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enciso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Froylán]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drogas, narcotráfico y política en México: protocolo de hipocresía (1969-2000)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Una historia contemporánea de México]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>183-246</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Océano]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Perfect Storm. An Analysis of the Processes that Increase Lethal Violence in Mexico after 2006]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trends in Organized Crime]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>58-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Gobierno de México</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Versión estenográfica: Conferencia de Prensa del Presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador del 9 de marzo de 2023]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César Ben]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diversifying Violence: Mining, Export-agriculture, and Criminal Governance in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>151</volume>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Defunciones registradas por homicidio (Defunciones registradas), Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 2022]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keohane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poder e interdependencia. La política mundial en transición]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo Editor Latinoamericano]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Licenciado. García Luna, Calderón y el narco]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Collins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Obrador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Discurso en el Diálogo de Seguridad de Alto Nivel México-Estados Unidos]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Obrador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conferencia, presidente]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Obrador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cooperación, sí; intervencionismo, no. Conferencia presidente AMLO]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Astolfi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El narcotráfico como crimen organizado: comprendiendo el fenómeno desde la perspectiva trasnacional y multidimensional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>199-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCaul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[McCaul Seeks to Classify Mexican Drug Cartels as Terrorists]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[México y Estados Unidos en el combate al tráfico de droga. Bajo el esquema de la Iniciativa Mérida, 2006-2012]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mauricio ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ed. Académica Española]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>National Vital Statistics System</collab>
<source><![CDATA[12 Month-ending Provisional Number and Percent Change of Drug Overdose Deaths]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Office of the Texas Governor</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Governor Abbott Designates Mexican Cartels as Terrorist Organizations]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Office of the Texas Governor</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Governor Abbott Urges President Biden, Vice President Harris to Designate Mexican Drug Cartels as Foreign Terrorist Organizations]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pillar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Brookings Institution Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrovi&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dragana B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[General Characteristics of the Basic Concept of Terrorism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Strani Pravni &#381;ivot]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>147-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pompeo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mike]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Never Give an Inch: Fighting for the America I Love]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Collins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Katie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan del]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do High Value Target Strikes Reduce Cartel-related Violence? An Empirical Assessment of Crime Trends in Tijuana, Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trends in Organized Crime]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheridan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary Beth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mexican Cartel Delivers 'Kidnappers' Five Bound Men and an Apology]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schiavon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La teoría de la interdependencia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schiavon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teorías de relaciones internacionales en el siglo XXI Interpretaciones críticas desde México y América Latina]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>429-46</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trump]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donald]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Twitter]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trump]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donald]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Twitter]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Congress</collab>
<source><![CDATA[H.R.1564 - Drug Cartel Terrorist Designation Act]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of state</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Department Press Briefing - March 7, 2023]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of state</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Summary of the Action Plan for U.S.-Mexico Bicentennial Framework for Security, Public Health, and Safe Communities]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of state</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El secretario Antony J. Blinken y el secretario de Relaciones Exteriores mexicano Marcelo Ebrard en una conferencia de prensa conjunta]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of state</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Remarks on United States Foreign Policy]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>U.S. Mission to Mexico</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Treasury Sanctions Sinaloa Cartel Network of 'Super lab' Suppliers and Fentanyl Operators]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. Embassy &amp; Consulates in Mexico]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>White House</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Captura del Estado, macrocriminalidad y derechos humanos]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Flacso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
