<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-3542</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física E]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fís. E]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-3542</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-35422010000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Conceptos básicos acerca del espín, helicidad, quiralidad y polarización de una partícula de Dirac]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juárez Wysozka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.R]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas Departamento de Física]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F.]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>197</fpage>
<lpage>206</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-35422010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-35422010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-35422010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Los avances tecnológicos recientes, apoyados en una profunda comprensión de las características propias de los electrones, son los elementos que ya están listos para innovar la tecnología de la información, así como para refinar la técnica de imágenes mediante el efecto de la resonancia magnética (MRI), la cual es crucial como herramienta de diagnóstico para generar vistas de tejidos vivos sin invasión, ni daños, entre otras aplicaciones importantes. Así que, con la intensión de explicar los conceptos teóricos básicos que no son tratados, en general, con suficiente claridad en la literatura especializada y libros de texto tradicionales, relacionados con las partículas descritas mediante la ecuación de Dirac, analizamos los operadores cuánticos que proyectan sus peculiares características. Estos operadores están asociados con cantidades teóricas que se conservan y por ende están relacionadas con las simetrías del sistema. Consideramos la formulación Hamiltoniana para establecer el principio de conservación y las propiedades de los proyectores que determinan la de helicidad, quiralidad y polarización de las partículas de Dirac.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The recent technological advances, based on the profound understanding of the electron's inherent characteristics are the elements that are ready to innovate the technology of information, as well as to refine the (MRI) technique of imagery through the efect of magnetic resonance, which is crucial as a tool for diagnosis and generation of views of live tissues without invasion or harm. So, with the intention to explain the basic theoretical concepts, which are, in general, not clarified in the specialized literature and traditional textbooks, which are related with the particles in Dirac equation, we analize the quantum operators that project some of their peculiar characteristics. These operators are related with the conserved quantities in the theory and therefore with the symmetries of the system. We consider the Hamiltonian formulation to establish the conservation principle and the properties of the projectors that determine the helicity, quirality and polarization of the Dirac particles.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fermiones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espín]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fermions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spin]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Ense&ntilde;anza</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Conceptos b&aacute;sicos acerca del esp&iacute;n, helicidad, quiralidad y polarizaci&oacute;n de una part&iacute;cula de Dirac</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>S.R. Ju&aacute;rez Wysozka</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><I>Departamento de F&iacute;sica, Escuela Superior de F&iacute;sica y Matem&aacute;ticas, Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional, Zacatenco, 07738 D.F., M&eacute;xico, </I>e&#150;mail. <a href="mailto:rebeca@esfm.ipn.mx">rebeca@esfm.ipn.mx</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 3 de junio de 2010    <br> Aceptado el 3 de septiembre de 2010</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los avances tecnol&oacute;gicos recientes, apoyados en una profunda comprensi&oacute;n de las caracter&iacute;sticas propias de los electrones, son los elementos que ya est&aacute;n listos para innovar la tecnolog&iacute;a de la informaci&oacute;n, as&iacute; como para refinar la t&eacute;cnica de im&aacute;genes mediante el efecto de la resonancia magn&eacute;tica (MRI), la cual es crucial como herramienta de diagn&oacute;stico para generar vistas de tejidos vivos sin invasi&oacute;n, ni da&ntilde;os, entre otras aplicaciones importantes. As&iacute; que, con la intensi&oacute;n de explicar los conceptos te&oacute;ricos b&aacute;sicos que no son tratados, en general, con suficiente claridad en la literatura especializada y libros de texto tradicionales, relacionados con las part&iacute;culas descritas mediante la ecuaci&oacute;n de Dirac, analizamos los operadores cu&aacute;nticos que proyectan sus peculiares caracter&iacute;sticas. Estos operadores est&aacute;n asociados con cantidades te&oacute;ricas que se conservan y por ende est&aacute;n relacionadas con las simetr&iacute;as del sistema. Consideramos la formulaci&oacute;n Hamiltoniana para establecer el principio de conservaci&oacute;n y las propiedades de los proyectores que determinan la de helicidad, quiralidad y polarizaci&oacute;n de las part&iacute;culas de Dirac. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores:</b> Fermiones; esp&iacute;n.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The recent technological advances, based on the profound understanding of the electron's inherent characteristics are the elements that are ready to innovate the technology of information, as well as to refine the (MRI) technique of imagery through the efect of magnetic resonance, which is crucial as a tool for diagnosis and generation of views of live tissues without invasion or harm. So, with the intention to explain the basic theoretical concepts, which are, in general, not clarified in the specialized literature and traditional textbooks, which are related with the particles in Dirac equation, we analize the quantum operators that project some of their peculiar characteristics. These operators are related with the conserved quantities in the theory and therefore with the symmetries of the system. We consider the Hamiltonian formulation to establish the conservation principle and the properties of the projectors that determine the helicity, quirality and polarization of the Dirac particles. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Fermions; spin. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 01.30.Rr; 01.40.Ha; 03.65.Pm</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmfe/v56n2/v56n2a7.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Reconocimientos</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">S.R.J.W. agradece al Dr. P. Kielanowski sus acertadas observaciones y por el apoyo a la Comisi&oacute;n de Operaci&oacute;n y Fomento de Actividades Acad&eacute;micas"(COFAA) y al sistema EDI del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional, al igual que a la SEPI Proyecto 20100034.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/img/revistas/rmfe/v56n2/html/a7apendices.htm#a" target="_blank">Ap&eacute;ndice A</a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/img/revistas/rmfe/v56n2/html/a7apendices.htm#b" target="_blank">Ap&eacute;ndice B</a>  </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Bibliograf&iacute;a</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. P.A.M. Dirac, <I>Proc. R. Soc. </I><B>A117 </B>(1928) 610.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454297&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. J.D. Bjorken y S.D. Drell, <I>Relativistic Quantum Mechanics </I>(McGraw&#150;Hill 1965).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454299&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. W. Greiner y B. M&uuml;ller, <I>Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions </I>2nd ed (Springer&#150;Verlag 2000) p16.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454301&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. L.H. Ryder, <I>Quantum Field Theory </I>2nd ed (Cambrigde University Press 2001).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454303&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. W. Greiner y J. Reinhardt, <I>Quantum Electrodynamics </I>3rd ed (Springer&#150;Verlag 2003) p164.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454305&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. G.E. Uhlenbeck y S. Goudsmit, <I>Naturwissenschaften </I><B>47 </B>(1925) 953.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454307&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. J.S. Moodera <I>et al.</I>, <I>Physics Today </I><B>63 </B>(2010) 46.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454309&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StandardModel" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StandardModel</a>.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454311&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">9. C. Xu y S. Sachdev, <I>Physical Review Letters </I><B>105 </B>(2010) 057201.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8454313&pid=S1870-3542201000020000700009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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