<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-249X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[J. Mex. Chem. Soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-249X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Química de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-249X2010000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Zn x-1Cu xMn2O4 Spinels; Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Electrical Evaluation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Federico]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfeiffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heriberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México DF ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F. ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>2</fpage>
<lpage>6</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-249X2010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-249X2010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-249X2010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[This work presents the structural characterization and electrical evaluation of Zn x-1Cu xMn2O4 spinels, which are materials presented as secondary phases into the varistor ceramic systems. Samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy. Although, the addition of copper to the ZnMn2O4 spinel did not produce morphological changes, the structure and electrical behaviors changed considerably. Structurally, copper addition induced the formation of partial inverse spinels, and its addition increases significantly the electrical conductivity. Therefore, the formation of Zn x-1Cu xMn2O4 spinels, as secondary phases into the varistor materials, may compromise significantly the varistor efficiency.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En este trabajo se presenta la caracterización estructural y eléctrica de las espinelas del tipo Zn x-1Cu xMn2O4, los cuales son materiales que se pueden encontrar como fases secundarias en los cerámicos de tipo varistor. Las muestras fueron caracterizadas por difracción de rayos X, resonancia magnética nuclear de sólidos, espectroscopía infrarroja, microscopía electrónica de barrido y espectroscopía de impedancia. La adición de cobre no produce cambios morfológicos en los materiales. Sin embargo, la estructura cristalina y propiedades eléctricas si se ven considerablemente alteradas por la adición de cobre a la espinela. Estructuralmente, la adición de cobre genera la formación de espinelas parcialmente inversas y eléctricamente estos materiales se vuelven mucho más conductores. Por lo tanto, la formación de espinelas de tipo Zn x-1Cu xMn2O4, como fases secundarias en los materiales de tipo varistor, puede comprometer significativamente la eficiencia del varistor.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ceramic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Impedance Spectroscopy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spinel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Varistor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[XRD]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cerámica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espectroscopía de impedancia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espinelas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[varistor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espectroscopía infrarroja]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Article</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Zn<sub>x-</sub><sub>1</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Spinels; Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Electrical Evaluation</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Francisco M&eacute;ndez&#150;Mart&iacute;nez,<sup>1</sup> Federico Gonz&aacute;lez,<sup>2</sup> Enrique Lima,<sup>1</sup> Pedro Bosch,<sup>1</sup> and Heriberto Pfeiffer<sup>1* </sup></b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1 </sup>Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac&aacute;n 04510, M&eacute;xico DF, M&eacute;xico. Phone: +52 (55) 56224627; Fax: +52 (55) 56161371. <sup>*</sup>Responsible author:  </i><a href="mailto:pfeiffer@iim.unam.mx">pfeiffer@iim.unam.mx</a>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>2</sup> Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 Col. Vicentina, 09340 M&eacute;xico D.F., M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Received November 10, 2009    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> Accepted March 17, 2010</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">This work presents the structural characterization and electrical evaluation of Zn<sub>x&#150;1</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinels, which are materials presented as secondary phases into the varistor ceramic systems. Samples were analyzed by X&#150;ray diffraction, solid&#150;state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy. Although, the addition of copper to the ZnMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel did not produce morphological changes, the structure and electrical behaviors changed considerably. Structurally, copper addition induced the formation of partial inverse spinels, and its addition increases significantly the electrical conductivity. Therefore, the formation of Zn<sub>x&#150;1</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinels, as secondary phases into the varistor materials, may compromise significantly the varistor efficiency.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Ceramic, Impedance Spectroscopy, spinel, Varistor, XRD.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este trabajo se presenta la caracterizaci&oacute;n estructural y el&eacute;ctrica de las espinelas del tipo Zn<sub>x&#150;1</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, los cuales son materiales que se pueden encontrar como fases secundarias en los cer&aacute;micos de tipo varistor. Las muestras fueron caracterizadas por difracci&oacute;n de rayos X, resonancia magn&eacute;tica nuclear de s&oacute;lidos, espectroscop&iacute;a infrarroja, microscop&iacute;a electr&oacute;nica de barrido y espectroscop&iacute;a de impedancia. La adici&oacute;n de cobre no produce cambios morfol&oacute;gicos en los materiales. Sin embargo, la estructura cristalina y propiedades el&eacute;ctricas si se ven considerablemente alteradas por la adici&oacute;n de cobre a la espinela. Estructuralmente, la adici&oacute;n de cobre genera la formaci&oacute;n de espinelas parcialmente inversas y el&eacute;ctricamente estos materiales se vuelven mucho m&aacute;s conductores. Por lo tanto, la formaci&oacute;n de espinelas de tipo Zn<sub>x&#150;1</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, como fases secundarias en los materiales de tipo varistor, puede comprometer significativamente la eficiencia del varistor.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave: </b>Cer&aacute;mica, espectroscop&iacute;a de impedancia, espinelas, varistor, espectroscop&iacute;a infrarroja.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/jmcs/v54n1/v54n1a2.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgements</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">This work was financially supported by CONACYT (46522Q). Authors thank L. Ba&ntilde;os, A. Tejeda, O. Novelo, G. Cedillo and M. A. Canseco for technical assistance.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. Clarke, D. R. <i>J. Am. Ceram. Soc. </i><b>1999, </b><i>82, </i>485&#150;502.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4911017&pid=S1870-249X201000010000200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. Kuo, C. T.; Chen, C. S.; Lin, I. N. <i>J. Am. Ceram. Soc. </i><b>1998, </b>81, 2942&#150;2948.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4911019&pid=S1870-249X201000010000200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     ]]></body>
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