<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-4420</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Signos históricos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Sig. his]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-4420</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UAM, Unidad Iztapalapa, División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-44202018000100150</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La pena de muerte en Estados Unidos: del escarnio público a la ejecución privada]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Death penalty in the United States: from public derision to private execution]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Báez-Villaseñor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Estela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Filosofía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Iztapalapa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>39</numero>
<fpage>150</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-44202018000100150&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-44202018000100150&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-44202018000100150&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Por mucho tiempo, la pena de muerte ha sido aceptada en Estados Unidos como un recurso para lidiar con aquellos que cometían trasgresiones graves. Sin embargo, si bien fue una práctica acorde con las características de un sistema en donde era necesario actuar de forma expedita, el tránsito hacia el Estado de derecho y el reconocimiento de las garantías individuales acrecentó el rechazo hacia esta manera de imponer justicia. En la mayor parte de los países occidentales se ha abolido de forma definitiva, pero en Estados Unidos varios estados todavía la incluyen en sus legislaturas. Así, esta investigación encara el debate en torno a la pena capital en dicho país, identificando los escenarios que han modificado tanto las características de la ejecución -que pasó de pública a privada-, como su percepción pública.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Death penalty has been accepted through the years by the United States as a useful way to deal with criminals. This practice was in accordance to a system which required swift justice. The appearance and development of the rule of law in which individual rights were recognized increased the opposition to this measure. Capital punishment has been abolished in almost all Western countries, but in the case of the United States many local legislatures include death penalty statutes. This paper has the purpose of approaching the ever-changing debate surrounding this practice in the United States, in order to review different sceneries that have modified both how the executions take place, replacing public executions in favor of private ones, and the public perception regarding them.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pena máxima]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[garantías individuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estado de derecho]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ley]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[justicia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[maximum penalty]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[individual guarantee]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rule of law, law]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[justice]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The death penalty on trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Newsweek]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bedau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hugo Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cassell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment? The Experts from Both Sides Make Their Case]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Death, money, and the history of the electric Chair. The history of the electric chair and death by execution]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carol]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[First Generations. Women in Colonial America]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Farrar Strauss and Giroux]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bohm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Deathquest. An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Capital Punishment in the United States]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Waltham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Anderson]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bradford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Of Plymouth Plantation. 1620-1647]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Random House]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dieter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Smart on Time: Reconsidering the Death Penalty at a Time of Economic Crisis. A Report from Death Penalty Information Center]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D. C. ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dieter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methods of execution and their effect on the use of the death penalty in the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fordham Urban Law Jornal]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<numero>789</numero>
<issue>789</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Joals]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La ejecución de la pena de muerte en los Estados Unidos de América. Evitar la crueldad mediante su medicalización]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Derecho, Universitat de Girona]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frances]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Delusion of Satan. The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trials]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Da Capo Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holliday]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Woman&#700;s Life in Colonial Days]]></source>
<year>1922</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dover Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karlsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carol F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Devil in the Shape of a Woman. Witchcraft in Colonial New England]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Roper v. Simmons. Can Juvenile Offenders Be Executed?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law in Line]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>547-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lincoln Burr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648-1706]]></source>
<year>1914</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Charles Scribner&#700;s Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evan J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Wild Justice. The Death and Resurrection on Capital Punishment in America]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evan J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capital Punishment in America: A Balanced Examination]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sudbury ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Jones and Bartlett Learning]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meeropol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meeropol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[We Are Your Sons. The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Houghton Mifflin Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melusky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pesto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Keith Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capital Punishment]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santa Barbara ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Greenwood]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edmund S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Puritan Family. Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Torchbooks]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moyano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ángela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[EUA. Documentos de su historia política]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oshinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capital Punishment on Trial: Furman v. Georgia and the Death Penalty in Modern America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Kansas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press of Kansas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pasquerella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lynn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Death Penalty in the United States]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pomfret ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Topsfield Foundation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ragués i Vallès]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La pena de muerte en los Estados Unidos: ¿una lenta agonía?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rankin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changing attitudes toward capital punishment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Forces]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>194-211</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rohatyin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felix]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The shadow over America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Newsweek]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ryan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Perry T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Last Public Execution in America]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lexington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alexandria Printing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Roper v. Simmons. Can juvenile offenders be executed?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law in Line]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>547-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[The Constitution Project. Irreversible Error: Recommended Reforms for Preventing and Correcting Errors in the Administration of Capital Punishment]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
