<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-2738</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ingeniería química]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Mex. Ing. Quím]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-2738</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-27382014000200024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aplicación de extractos de lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla Torr.) en la remoción de cobre (II) en modelos de agua por aglomeración esférica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Application of lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla Torr.) extracts for copper (II) removal from water models by spherical agglomeration]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcázar-Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Proal-Nájera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo-Velázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cháirez-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antileo-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado-de la Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Durango ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biofísica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la Frontera Departamento de Ingeniería Química ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Temuco Cautín]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>605</fpage>
<lpage>617</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-27382014000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-27382014000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-27382014000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El cobre en agua constituye un micronutriente esencial para el humano, pudiendo producir, por exceso, efectos perjudiciales para la salud. En ambientes acuáticos naturales, la toxicidad de este elemento está atribuida a la especie divalente Cu(II). La técnica de aglomeración esférica destaca para remover cobre en agua, empleando agentes tensoactivos industriales con alto contenido de sodio (Na). En este estudio se desarrolló un método de remoción de Cu(II) en modelos de agua (2-15 ppm) por aglomeración esférica, utilizando como biosurfactante extractos de pulpa de lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla Torr.), rica en saponinas, libre de sodio, y constituye un subproducto en varias agroindustrias de México. Las condiciones experimentales fueron: 0.1-2 g-extracto/g de metal, T°=22°C, pH Inicial = 8.0 y agitación constante de 600 rpm. Las saponinas en el extracto se identificaron por HPLC-DAD, comparando los tiempos de retención de los picos característicos contra un estándar. El cobre y sodio residuales se determinaron por espectroscopia de absorción atómica. Una eficiencia media (98.7%) obtenida en los experimentos realizados para remover cobre, que satisface las normas para agua potable y para descarga a cuerpos de agua, nos permite recomendar la sustitución de agentes tensoactivos industriales por extractos de lechuguilla (A. lechuguilla), en la remoción de Cu (II) en agua por la técnica de aglomeración esférica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Copper in water is an essential micronutrient for human beings, it can produce damage effects for health due to excess. Toxicity of this element is attributed to its divalent Cu (II) species in natural aquatic environments. For copper removal in water, the spherical agglomeration technique can be applied by using industrial tensoactive agents with high Sodium (Na) contents. In this study, a Cu (II) removal method was developed using extracts of pulp of lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla Torr.), which is a waste in many industries in Mexico, rich in saponines and free of Sodium. The technique of spherical agglomeration was carried out in synthetic water (2 to 15 ppm) using extracts of pulp of lechuguilla as biosurfactant. The experimental conditions were: 0.1-2.0 g-extract/g metal, T°=22°C, pH Initial = 8.0, and constant stirring at 600 rpm. Saponines were measured by HPLC-DAD in the extract, comparing the retention time of typical peaks with a standard. Residual Copper and Sodium were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. A mean 98.7% Copper removal efficiency was reached in all assays, which meets the requirements of the tap- and waste- water regulations. According to this study, we suggest to replace the industrial tensoactive agents by lechuguilla (A. lechuguilla) extracts in order to remove Cu (II) from water by spherical agglomeration technique.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Agave lechuguilla]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aglomeración esférica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biosurfactante]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cobre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[remoción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Agave lechuguilla]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spherical agglomeration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biosurfactant]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[copper]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[removal]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culos regulares/Biotecnolog&iacute;a</font></p>              <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>              <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Aplicaci&oacute;n de extractos de lechuguilla (<i>Agave lechuguilla</i> Torr.) en la remoci&oacute;n de cobre (II) en modelos de agua por aglomeraci&oacute;n esf&eacute;rica</b></font></p>              <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Application of lechuguilla (<i>Agave lechuguilla</i> Torr.) extracts for copper (II) removal from water models by spherical agglomeration</b></font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>F. Alc&aacute;zar&#45;Medina<sup>1</sup>, J. Proal&#45;N&aacute;jera<sup>1</sup>*, T. Gallardo&#45;Vel&aacute;zquez<sup>2</sup>, I. Ch&aacute;irez&#45;Hern&aacute;ndez<sup>1</sup>, C. Antileo&#45;Hern&aacute;ndez<sup>3</sup>, A. Alvarado&#45;de la Pe&ntilde;a<sup>1</sup></b></font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1</sup> Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci&oacute;n para el Desarrollo Integral Regional&#45; Unidad Durango, IPN. Calle Sigma 119. Fracc. 20 Noviembre II, Durango, Dgo. 34220, M&eacute;xico. *Autor para la correspondencia. E&#45;mail:</i> <a href="mailto:joseproal@hotmail.com">joseproal@hotmail.com</a> <i>Tel. 52&#45;618&#45;8142091 ext. 82634, Fax 52&#45;618&#45;8144540.</i></font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>2</sup> Departamento de Biof&iacute;sica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol&oacute;gicas (ENCB), IPN, M&eacute;xico. </i></font></p>         ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>3</sup> Departamento de Ingenier&iacute;a Qu&iacute;mica, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile.</i></font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido 29 de Junio, 2013.    <br>     Aceptado 8 de Marzo, 2014.</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El cobre en agua constituye un micronutriente esencial para el humano, pudiendo producir, por exceso, efectos perjudiciales para la salud. En ambientes acu&aacute;ticos naturales, la toxicidad de este elemento est&aacute; atribuida a la especie divalente Cu(II). La t&eacute;cnica de aglomeraci&oacute;n esf&eacute;rica destaca para remover cobre en agua, empleando agentes tensoactivos industriales con alto contenido de sodio (Na). En este estudio se desarroll&oacute; un m&eacute;todo de remoci&oacute;n de Cu(II) en modelos de agua (2&#45;15 ppm) por aglomeraci&oacute;n esf&eacute;rica, utilizando como biosurfactante extractos de pulpa de lechuguilla (<i>Agave lechuguilla</i> Torr.), rica en saponinas, libre de sodio, y constituye un subproducto en varias agroindustrias de M&eacute;xico. Las condiciones experimentales fueron: 0.1&#45;2 g&#45;extracto/g de metal, T&deg;=22&deg;C, pH<i><sub>Inicial</sub> </i>= 8.0 y agitaci&oacute;n constante de 600 rpm. Las saponinas en el extracto se identificaron por HPLC&#45;DAD, comparando los tiempos de retenci&oacute;n de los picos caracter&iacute;sticos contra un est&aacute;ndar. El cobre y sodio residuales se determinaron por espectroscopia de absorci&oacute;n at&oacute;mica. Una eficiencia media (98.7%) obtenida en los experimentos realizados para remover cobre, que satisface las normas para agua potable y para descarga a cuerpos de agua, nos permite recomendar la sustituci&oacute;n de agentes tensoactivos industriales por extractos de lechuguilla (A. <i>lechuguilla</i>), en la remoci&oacute;n de Cu (II) en agua por la t&eacute;cnica de aglomeraci&oacute;n esf&eacute;rica.</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b><i> Agave lechuguilla,</i> aglomeraci&oacute;n esf&eacute;rica, biosurfactante, cobre, remoci&oacute;n.</font></p>              <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>         ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Copper in water is an essential micronutrient for human beings, it can produce damage effects for health due to excess. Toxicity of this element is attributed to its divalent Cu (II) species in natural aquatic environments. For copper removal in water, the spherical agglomeration technique can be applied by using industrial tensoactive agents with high Sodium (Na) contents. In this study, a Cu (II) removal method was developed using extracts of pulp of lechuguilla <i>(Agave lechuguilla</i> Torr.), which is a waste in many industries in Mexico, rich in saponines and free of Sodium. The technique of spherical agglomeration was carried out in synthetic water (2 to 15 ppm) using extracts of pulp of lechuguilla as biosurfactant. The experimental conditions were: 0.1&#45;2.0 g&#45;extract/g metal, T&deg;=22&deg;C, pH<i><sub>Initial</sub> </i>= 8.0, and constant stirring at 600 rpm. Saponines were measured by HPLC&#45;DAD in the extract, comparing the retention time of typical peaks with a standard. Residual Copper and Sodium were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. A mean 98.7% Copper removal efficiency was reached in all assays, which meets the requirements of the tap&#45; and waste&#45; water regulations. According to this study, we suggest to replace the industrial tensoactive agents by lechuguilla (A. <i>lechuguilla)</i> extracts in order to remove Cu (II) from water by spherical agglomeration technique.</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b><i> Agave lechuguilla,</i> spherical agglomeration, biosurfactant, copper, removal.</font></p>              <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="/pdf/rmiq/v13n2/v13n2a24.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>              <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Agradecimientos</b></font></p>              <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El primer autor agradece el apoyo al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&iacute;a (CONACYT) por la beca otorgada para cursar el Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnolog&iacute;a, dentro del programa de doctorado en red del IPN, incluido en el padr&oacute;n de Postgrados de Excelencia. El autor correspondiente agradece a la Secretar&iacute;a de Investigaci&oacute;n y Posgrado del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional por el apoyo brindado, a trav&eacute;s de los Proyectos SIP: 20100563, 20110513 y 20130837.</font></p>              <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>         <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Al&#45; Subu, M. M., Salim, R., Braik, H. y Swaileh, K. (2001). Removal of dissolved copper from polluted water using plant leaves. II. 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