<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-2037</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Política y gobierno]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Polít. gob]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-2037</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., División de Estudios Políticos]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-20372020000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La nacionalización de los partidos mexicanos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Nationalization of Mexican Parties]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantú]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Houston  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Houston TX]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Houston  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Houston TX]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-20372020000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-20372020000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-20372020000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo evalúa la nacionalización de los partidos mexicanos durante el periodo de 1994-2018. Para hacerlo, utilizamos datos de las últimas nueve elecciones federales del país y aplicamos dos medidas alternativas de nacionalización de partidos. Primero, estimamos los niveles de nacionalización estática y dinámica entre los principales partidos de México. Segundo, analizamos la importancia de los factores nacionales, estatales y distritales para explicar la variación del apoyo electoral de los partidos. Los resultados muestran que el PRI ha sido el partido más nacionalizado desde 1994, mientras que el PAN y el PRD muestran patrones de apoyo regionalizados, pero con fluctuaciones uniformes a lo largo del tiempo. Los hallazgos también retratan a Morena como un partido altamente nacionalizado, y que tanto el PRI como el PAN continúan dependiendo de su fuerza nacional durante las elecciones.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article evaluates the nationalization of Mexican parties during the 1994-2018 period. To do so, we use data from the last nine federal elections in the country and apply two alternative measurements of party nationalization. First, we estimate the levels of static and dynamic nationalization among Mexico&#8217;s major parties. Second, we analyze the importance of national, state, and district factors in order to explain the variance of the parties&#8217; electoral support. The overall results show that PRI has been the most nationalized party since 1994, while PAN and PRD show regionalized patterns of support but with uniform fluctuations over time. The findings also portray Morena as a highly nationalized party, and that both PRI and PAN continue to rely on their national strength during elections.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nacionalización de partidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comportamiento de los votantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[party nationalization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[voting behavior]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Milena]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Contagio criminal: Cómo las detenciones de gobernadores debilitaron al PRI]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Política y Gobierno]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>XXVII</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regionalized Voting Behavior and Political Discussion in Mexico]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chappell]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Consolidating Mexico&#8217;s Democracy: The 2006 Presidential Campaign in Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>71-88</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electoral Continuity and Change, 1868-1996]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>301-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kathleen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The PRD and the Mexican Left]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roderic Ai]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Mexican Politics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roderic Ai]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The 2012 Presidential Election and What it Reveals about Mexican Voters]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Latin American Studies]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>451-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roderic Ai]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Politics in Mexico: Democratic Consolidation or Decline?]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<edition>6a</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantú]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Desposato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The New Federalism of Mexico&#8217;s Party System]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>3-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caramani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniele]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Consti- tuencies]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caramani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniele]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda-Angarita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Néstor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Party System Nationalization, Presidential Coalitions, and Government Spending]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>783-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crisp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brian F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olivella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Potter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joshua D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Party-System Nationalization and the Scope of Public Policy: The Importance of Cross-District Constituency Similarity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>431-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Shaping Mexico&#8217;s Electoral Arena: The Construction of Partisan Cleavages in the 1988 and 1991 National Elections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>34-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferejohn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randall]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidential Coat-Tails in Historical Perspecti ve]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>127-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Golder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matt]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidential Coattails and Legislative Fragmentation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>34-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagopian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frances]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Parties and Voters in Emerging Democracies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boix]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carles]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stokes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>582-603</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harbers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Imke]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[States and Strategy in New Federal Democracies: Competitiveness and Intra-party Resource Allocation in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Party Politics]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>823-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harbers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Imke]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial Effects and Party Nationalization: The Geography of Parti- san Support in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>55-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hicken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Allen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kollman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ken]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simmons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Party System Nationalization and the Provision of Public Health Services]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Science Research and Methods]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>573-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mark P.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jones]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mainwaring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Nationalization of Parties and Party Systems: An Empirical Measure and an Application to the Americas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Party Politics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>139-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kerevel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yann P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[(Sub)National Principals, Legislative Agents: Patronage and Political Careers in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1020-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klesner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electoral Competition and the New Party System in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>103-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klesner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The 2006 Mexican Elections: Manifestation of a Divided Socie- ty?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PS: Political Science and Politics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>27-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lago-Peñas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lago-Peñas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does the Nationalization of Party Systems Affect the Composition of Public Spending?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Governance]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>85-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Langston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratization and Authoritarian Party Survival: Mexico&#8217;s PRI]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adrián]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Building Support From Below? Subnational Elections, Diffusion Effects, and the Growth of the Opposition in Mexico, 1984-2000]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>1855-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lujambio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alonso]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democratization through Federalism? The National Action Party Strategy, 1939-2000]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kevin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Middlebrook]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Party Politics and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico: National and State-Level Analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>47-94</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Jolla ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UCSD-Center for US-Mexican Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lupu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nacionalización e institucionalización de partidos en la Argentina del siglo XX]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torcal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sistemas de partidos en América Latina: Causas y consecuen- cias de su equilibrio inestable]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>183-202</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Anthropo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gubernatorial Coattails in Mexican Congressional Elections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>383-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mainwaring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El votante mexicano: Democracia, actitudes políticas y conducta electoral]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Are Politics Local?: The Two Dimensions of Party Nationalization around the World]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noah]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trelles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How Party Nationalization Conditions Economic Voting]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>136-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Potthoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Components of Elections: District Heterogeneity, District-Time Effects, and Volatility]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>7-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swindle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castagnola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Party Nationalization and Institutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1322-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mustillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Floating Voters and the Rise of New Left Parties: Electoral Volati lity During Party System Transformation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mustillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mustillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Party Nationalization in a Multilevel Context: Where&#8217;s the Variance?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>422-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nacif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding Party Discipline in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies: The Centralized Party Model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Legislative Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>254-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pennings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hazan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reuven Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democratizing Candidate Selection: Causes and Consequences]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Party Politics]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>267-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poiré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Follow the Money: Local Public Funding and Internal Party Transfers in 2003]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mathew]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weldon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffery]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What Kind of Democracy Has Mexico?]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Jolla ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UCSD-Center for US-Mexican Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reynolds]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Langston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gubernatorial Effects on the Voting Behavior of National Legislators]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>477-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samuels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Presidentialized Parties: The Separation of Powers and Party Organization and Behavior]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>461-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samuels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ambition, Federalism, and Legislative Politics in Brazil]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schattschneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elmer E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Semisovereign People: A Realist&#8217;s View of Democracy in America]]></source>
<year>1960</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stepan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfred C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Arguing Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stokes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donald]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chambers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burnham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Walter D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Party Systems: States of Political Development]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strøm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kaare]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rules, Reasons, and Routines: Legislative Roles in Parliamentary Democracies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Legislative Studies]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>155-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arnold]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>298</numero>
<issue>298</issue>
<page-range>348-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
