<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-2037</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Política y gobierno]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Polít. gob]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-2037</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., División de Estudios Políticos]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-20372016000200243</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Discurso conflictivo en las elecciones mexicanas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Contentious Discourse in Mexican Elections]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez del Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,salvador.vma@gmail.com  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>243</fpage>
<lpage>278</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-20372016000200243&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-20372016000200243&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-20372016000200243&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: ¿Cómo reaccionan los votantes mexicanos al discurso conflictivo sobre las elecciones, particularmente a las acusaciones de fraude? Usando un experimento en una encuesta que expone a los entrevistados a narrativas en las que el perdedor de una elección hace una acusación de fraude, los votantes mexicanos responden como si se tratara de una campaña negativa. Esto significa que el electorado en general castiga al acusador por hacer aseveraciones negativas, pero los votantes que se identifcan con el PRD lo premian sólo si la acusación es creíble. Estos resultados iluminan la estructura de incentivos que enfrentan los candidatos por protestar y hacer acusaciones tras una derrota electoral, que tienen el potencial para movilizar a los votatantes, pero también para repelerlos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: How do Mexican voters react to contentious electoral discourse, particularly to accusations of fraud? Using a survey-embedded experiment that exposes respondents to vignettes in which the loser of an election makes accusations of fraud, Mexican voters are found to respond to them as if they were negative campaign statements. This means that the general electorate punishes the accuser for "going negative," yet voters who identify with the PRD reward the accuser, but only if the accusation is credible. These results illuminate the incentive structure faced by candidates who opt for protest and accusations when facing an electoral defeat, which have the potential to mobilize voters but also to alienate them.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elecciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fraude electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[opinión pública]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[encuadres]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conflicto electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[elections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral fraud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[public opinion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[framing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral contention]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[André]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shaun]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Todd]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Listhaug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ola]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Losers' Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Learning to Lose: Election Outcomes, Democratic Experience and Political Protest Potential]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>91-111</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beaulieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emily]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Protest and Democracy in the Developing World]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brader]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ted]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tucker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joshua A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Follow the Leader Party Cues, Partisans and Public Opinion in Old and New Democracies]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ reunión anual de la American Political Science Association (APSA)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Toronto </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kathleen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Taking on Goliath: The Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[University Park ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Pennsylvania State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kathleen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[López Obrador, Calderón and the 2006 Presidential Campaign]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. Domínguez]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chappell]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Consolidating Mexico's Democracy: The 2006 Presidential Campaign in Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Angus]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Converse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Phillip E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Warren E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stokes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donald E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Voter]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Two Faces of Issue Voting]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carmines]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stimson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>78-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carmines]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Issue Evolution]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dennis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Creating Common Frames of Referene on Political Issues]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mutz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Sniderman]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brody]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Persuasion and Attitude Change]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ann Arbor ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Michigan Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dennis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Druckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>637-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Della Porta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donatella]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clandestine Political Violence]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[When do the Ends Justify the Means? Evaluating Procedural Fairness]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doherty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Behavior]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>301-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratizing Mexico: Public Opinion and Electoral Choices]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Druckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Behavior]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>225-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Druckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>671-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eisenstadt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Todd A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Courting Democracy in Mexico: Party Strategies and Electoral Institutions]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eisenstadt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Todd A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poiré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Explaining the Credibility Gap in Mexico's 2006 Presidential Election, Despite Strong (Albeit Perfectable) Electoral Institutions]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Mexican Standoff: Taught to Protest, Learning to Lose]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Estrada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poiré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>73-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fiorina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Morris P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Retrospective Voting in American National Elections]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do Negative Messages Work? The Impact of Negativity on Citizen's Evaluations of Candidates]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fridkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kim Leslie]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kenney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patrick J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Politics Research]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>570-605</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carola]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueiras Tapia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Medios de comunicación y campañas electorales, 1988-2006]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Plaza y Valdés Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Green]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donald]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palmquist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bradley]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shickler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identity of Voters]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenneth F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartlyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Observer Paradoxes: How to Assess Electoral Manipulation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Authoritarianism]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hillygus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. Sunshine]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shields]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Todd G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Persuadable Voter: Wedge Issues in Presidential Campaigns]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuklinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quirk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reconsidering the Rational Public: Cognition, Heuristics, and Mass Opinion]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lupia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arthur]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. McCubbins]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redlawsk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How Voters Decide: Information Processing during Election Campaigns]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Effects of Negative Political Campaigns: A Meta-Analytic Reassessment]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lee]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown Rovner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Jour nal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1176-209</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Way]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loaeza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Partido Acción Nacional: La larga marcha, 1939-1994. Oposición leal y partido de protesta]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magaloni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beatriz]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poiré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Issues, the Vote, and the Mandate for Change]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. Domínguez]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chappell]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mexico's Pivotal Democratic Election: Candidates, Voters, and the Presidential Campaign of 2000]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McAdam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Doug]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[John]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. McCarthy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mayer N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changing Dimensions of National Elections in Mexico]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roderic]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Mexican Politics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Salen 13 de los acusados con 6 mil pesos de fianza]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Milenio Diario Online]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El votante mexicano: Democracia, actitudes políticas y conducta electoral]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Activation of Economic Voting in the 2006 Campaign]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. Domínguez]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chappell]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Consolidating Mexico's Democracy: The 2006 Presidential Campaign in Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[AMLO afirma que elección es 'una vergüenza nacional]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Universal Online]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[AMLO: No está dicha la última palabra]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Universal Online]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Why Electoral Integrity Matters]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez i Coma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ferran]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contentious Elections: From Ballots to Barricades]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections with a 1980 Case Study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrocik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>825-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Przeworski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracy and the Limits of Self-government]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Theory of the Calculus of Voting]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ordeshook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>25-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Youth Political Participation: Is this the End of the Generational Cleavage?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rossi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Federico]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Sociology]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>467-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sartori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Partidos y sistemas de partidos: Marco para un análisis]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Menu of Manipulation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>36-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sources of Competition under Electoral Authoritarianism]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Staffan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sedziaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alesia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do Contentious Elections Catalyze Mass Protests?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. Frank]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez i Coma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ferrán]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contentious Elections: From Ballots to Barricades]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sniderman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stiglitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Reputational Premium: A Theory of Party Identification and Policy Reasoning]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Herbert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>293-304</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soroka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stuart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Negativity in Democratic Politics: Causes and Consequences]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sidney]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sidney]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Language of Contention: Revolutions in Words 1688-2012]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sidney]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contentious Politics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tom R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Why People Obey the Law]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vavreck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lynn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Message Matters: The Economy and Presidential Campaigns]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez del Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Elections as Issues: Patterns and Incentives of Accusations of Fraud in Mexico]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Northwestern University Evanston]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Policy-based Voting, Perceptions of Issue Space, and the 2000 Mexican Elections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zechmeister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>649-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
